P5: Directrices para la codificación y el intercambio de textos electrónicos

1.2.1 A Simple CustomizationTEI: A Simple Customization¶

This schema specification contains references to each of four modules, identified by the key attribute on the moduleRef element. The schema specification itself is also given an identifier (TEI-minimal). An ODD processor will generate an appropriate schema from this set of declarations, expressed using the XML DTD language, the ISO RELAX NG language, the W3C Schema language, or in principle any other adequately powerful schema language. The resulting schema may then be associated with the document instance by one of a number of different mechanisms, as further described in chapter v. A Gentle Introduction to XML. The start point (or root element) of document instances to be validated against the schema is specified by means of the start attribute. Further information about the processing of an ODD specification is given in 23.4 Implementation of an ODD System.

1.2.2 A Larger CustomizationTEI: A Larger Customization¶

Subsequent chapters of these Guidelines describe in detail markup constructs appropriate for these and many other possible features of interest. The markup constructs can be combined as needed for any given set of applications or project.

The TEI architecture also supports more detailed customization beyond the simple selection of modules. A schema may suppress elements from a module, suppress some of their attributes, change their names, or even add new elements and attributes. Detailed discussion of the kind of modification possible in this way is provided in 23.2 Personalization and Customization and conformance rules relating to their application are discussed in 23.3 Conformance. These facilities are available for any schema language (though some features may not be available in all languages). The ODD language also makes it possible to combine TEI and non-TEI modules into a single schema, provided that the non-TEI module is expressed using the RELAX NG schema language (see further 22.6 Combining TEI and Non-TEI Modules).

1.3.1 Attribute ClassesTEI: Attribute Classes¶

An attribute class groups together elements which share some set of common attributes. Attribute classes are given names composed of the prefix att., often followed by an adjective. For example, the members of the class att.canonical have in common a key and a ref attribute, both of which are inherited from their membership in the class rather than individually defined for each element. These attributes are said to be defined by (or inherited from) the att.canonical class. If another element were to be added to the TEI scheme for which these attributes were considered useful, the simplest way to provide them would be to make the new element a member of the att.canonical class. Note also that this method ensures that the attributes in question are always defined in the same way, taking the same default values etc., no matter which element they are attached to.

Some attribute classes are defined within the tei infrastructural module and are thus globally available. Other attribute classes are specific to particular modules and thus defined in other chapters. Attributes defined by such classes will not be available unless the module concerned is included in a schema.

The attributes provided by an attribute class are those specified by the class itself, either directly, or by inheritance from another class. For example, the attribute class att.pointing.group provides attributes domains and targFunc to all of its members. This class is however a subclass of the att.pointing class, from which its members also inherit the attributes target, targetLang and evaluate. Members of the class att.pointing will thus have these three attributes, while members of the class att.pointing.group will have all five.

Note that some modules define superclasses of an existing infrastructural class. For example, the global attribute class att.divLike makes attributes org, part, and sample available, while the att.metrical class, which is specific to the verse module, provides attributes met, real, and rhyme. Because att.metrical is defined as a superclass of att.divLike, all six of these attributes are available to elements; the declaration for att.metrical adds its three attributes to the three already defined by att.divLike when the verse module is included in a schema. If, however, this module is not included in a schema, then the att.divLike class supplies only the three attributes first mentioned.

Attributes specific to particular modules are documented along with the relevant module rather than in the present chapter. One particular attribute class, known as att.global, is common to all modules, and is therefore described in some detail in the next section. A full list of all attribute classes is given in Attribute Classes below.

1.3.2 Model ClassesTEI: Model Classes¶

As noted above, the members of a given TEI model class share the property that they can all appear in the same location within a document. Wherever possible, the content model of a TEI element is expressed not directly in terms of specific elements, but indirectly in terms of particular model classes. This makes content models simpler and more consistent; it also makes them much easier to understand and to modify.

Like attribute classes, model classes may have subclasses or superclasses. Just as elements inherit from a class the ability to appear in certain locations of a document (wherever the class can appear), so all members of a subclass inherit the ability to appear wherever any superclass can appear. To some extent, the class system thus provides a way of reducing the whole TEI galaxy of elements into a tidy hierarchy. This is however not entirely the case.

In fact, the nature of a given class of elements can be considered along two dimensions: as noted, it defines a set of places where the class members are permitted within the document hierarchy; it also implies a semantic grouping of some kind. For example, the very large class of elements which can appear within a paragraph comprises a number of other classes, all of which have the same structural property, but which differ in their field of application. Some are related to highlighting, while others relate to names or places, and so on. In some cases, the ‘set of places where class members are permitted’ is very constrained: it may just be within one specific element, or one class of element, for example. In other cases, elements may be permitted to appear in very many places, or in more than one such set of places.

These factors are reflected in the way that model classes are named. If a model class has a name containing part, such as model.divPart or model.biblPart then it is primarily defined in terms of its structural location. For example, those elements (or classes of element) which appear as content of a div constitute the model.divPart class; those which appear as content of a bibl constitute the model.biblPart class. If, however, a model class has a name containing like, such as model.biblLike or model.nameLike, the implication is that its members all have some additional semantic property in common, for example containing a bibliographic description, or containing some form of name, respectively. These semantically-motivated classes often provide a useful way of dividing up large structurally-motivated classes: for example, the very general structural class model.pPart.data (‘data elements that form part of a paragraph’) has four semantically-motivated member classes (model.addressLike, model.dateLike, model.measureLike, and model.nameLike), the last of these being itself a superclass with several members.

Although most classes are defined by the tei infrastructure module, a class cannot be populated unless some other specific module is included in a schema, since element declarations are contained by modules. Classes are not declared ‘top down’, but instead gain their members as a consequence of individual elements' declaration of their membership. The same class may therefore contain different members, depending on which modules are active. Consequently, the content model of a given element (being expressed in terms of model classes) may differ depending on which modules are active.

Some classes contain only a single member, even when all modules are loaded. One reason for declaring such a class is to make it easier for a customization to add new member elements in a specific place, particularly in areas where the TEI does not make fully elaborated proposals. For example, the TEI class model.rdgLike, initially empty, is expanded by the textcrit module to include just the TEI rdg element. A project wishing to add an alternative way of structuring text-critical information could do so by defining their own elements and adding it to this class.

Another reason for declaring single-member classes is where the class members are not needed in all documents, but appear in the same place as elements which are very frequently required. For example, the specialized element g used to represent a non-Unicode character or glyph is provided as the only member of the model.gLike class when the gaiji module is added to a schema. References to this class are included in almost every content model, since if it is used at all the g must be available wherever text is available; however these references have no effect unless the gaiji module is loaded.

At the other end of the scale, a few of the classes predefined by the tei module are subsequently populated with very many members. For example, the class model.pPart groups all the classes of element which can appear within a p or paragraph element. The core module alone adds more than fifty elements to this class; the namesdates module adds another twenty, as does the tagdocs module. Since the p element is one of the basic building blocks of a TEI document it is not surprising that each module will need to add elements to it. The class system here provides a very convenient way of controlling the resulting complexity. Typically, elements are not added directly to these very general classes, but via some intermediate semantically-motivated class.

Just as there are a few classes which have a single member, so there are some classes which are used only once in the TEI architecture. These classes, which have no superclass and therefore do not fit into the class hierarchy defined here, are a convenient way of maintaining elements which are highly structured internally, but which appear from the outside to be uniform objects like others at the same level.² Members of such classes can only ever appear within one element, or one class of elements. For example, the class model.addrPart is used only to express the content model for the element address; it references some other classes of elements, which can appear elsewhere, and also some elements which can only appear inside an address.

1.4.1 Standard Content ModelsTEI: Standard Content Models¶

1.4.2 Datatype MacrosTEI: Datatype Macros¶

The values which attributes may take in a TEI schema are defined, for the most part, by reference to a TEI datatype. Each such datatype is defined in terms of other primitive datatypes, derived mostly from W3C Schema Datatypes, literal values, or other datatypes. This indirection makes it possible for a TEI application to set constraints either globally or in individual cases, by redefining the datatype definition or the reference to it respectively. In some cases, the TEI datatype includes additional usage constraints which cannot be enforced by existing schema languages, although a TEI-compliant processor should attempt to validate them (see further discussion in chapter 23.3 Conformance).

Where literal values or name tokens are used in a datatype definition, an associated value list supplies definitions for the significance of suggested or (in the case of closed lists) all possible values.

TEI-defined datatypes may be grouped into those which define normalized values for numeric quantities, probabilities, or temporal expressions, those which define various kinds of shorthand codes or keys, and those which define pointers or links.

Examples of attributes using the data.probability datatype include degree on damage or certainty; examples of data.numeric include quantity on members of the att.measurement class or value on numeric; examples of data.count include cols on cell and table.

Note that in each of these cases the values used are those recommended by existing international standards: ISO 8601 as profiled by XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition in the case of durations, times, and date; W3C Schema datatypes in the case of truth values; BCP 47 in the case of language; and ISO 5218 in the case of sex.

Attributes of type data.word, such as age on person, are used to supply an identifier expressed as any kind of single token or word. The TEI places a few constraints on the characters which may be used for this purpose: only Unicode characters classified as letters, digits, punctuation characters, or symbols can appear in an attribute value of this kind. Note in particular that such values cannot include whitespace characters. Legal values include cholmondeley, été, 1234, e_content, or xml:id, but not grand wazoo. Attributes of this kind are sometimes used to associate (by co-reference) elements of different types.

Where identifiers are defined externally, for example as part of a database or file system, the inability to include whitespace or other special characters in a value may be problematic. In other cases, it may also be simply more convenient to supply a short sequence of natural language words including spaces as a single value. For these reasons, we also provide a datatype data.text which does permit whitespace and indeed any other Unicode character. Legal values include cholmondeley, été, 1234, e-content, xml:id, and grand wazoo. This datatype should be used with care since XML will not normalise whitespace characters within it: for example the values n="a b" (two spaces) and n="a b" (three spaces) would be considered distinct. This case should be distinguished from that of an attribute permitting multiple values, each of which may be separated by whitespace which will be normalised (see further 22.4.5.1 Datatypes).

Attributes of type data.name are similar to those of type data.word, but with the additional constraint that they must be legal XML identifiers, as defined by the XML 1.0 specification, or successors. Hence, they may not begin with digits or punctuation characters. Legal identifiers include cholmondeley, été, e_content, or xml:id, but not grand wazoo or 1234. Attributes of this kind are typically used to represent XML element or attribute names.

Attributes of type data.enumerated, such as new on shift or evidence supplied by att.editLike, have the same definition as data.word above, with the added constraint that the word supplied is taken from a specific list of possibilities. In each case, the element or class specification which includes the definition for the attribute will also contain a list of possible values, together with a prose description of their intended significance. This list may be open (in which case the list is advisory), or closed (in which case it determines the range of legal values). In this latter case, the datatype will not be data.enumerated, but an explicit list of the possible values.

Attributes of type data.code are similar in function, in that they also supply encoded names for values which are defined in more detail elsewhere. In this case, however, the full definition is supplied as content of another XML element, typically but not necessarily in the same document, and it is referenced by means of a pointer.

An attribute may, of course, take more than one value of a given type, for example a list of pointer values, or a list of words. In the TEI scheme, this information is regarded as a property of the datatype element used to document the attribute in question rather than as a distinct ‘datatype’. See further 22.4.5.1 Datatypes.