22 Documentation Elements

內容

This chapter describes a module which may be used for the documentation of the XML elements and element classes which make up any markup scheme, in particular that described by the TEI Guidelines, and also for the automatic generation of schemas or DTDs conforming to that documentation. It should be used also by those wishing to customize or modify these Guidelines in a conformant manner, as further described in chapters 23.2 Personalization and Customization and 23.3 Conformance and may also be useful in the documentation of any other comparable encoding scheme, even though it contains some aspects which are specific to the TEI and may not be generally applicable.

An overview of the kind of processing environment envisaged for the module described by this chapter may be helpful. In the remainder of this chapter we refer to software which provides such a processing environment as an ODD processor.⁸³ Like any other piece of XML software, an ODD processor may be instantiated in many ways: the current system uses a number of XSLT stylesheets which are freely available from the TEI, but this specification makes no particular assumptions about the tools which will be used to provide an ODD processing environment.

As the name suggests, an ODD processor uses a single XML document to generate multiple outputs. These outputs will include:

formal reference documentation for elements, attributes, element classes, patterns, etc. such as those provided in Elements below;
detailed descriptive documentation, embedding some parts of the formal reference documentation, such as the tag description lists provided in this and other chapters of these Guidelines;
declarative code for one or more XML schema languages, specifically RELAX NG or W3C Schema.
declarative code for fragments which can be assembled to make up an XML Document Type Declaration.

The input required to generate these outputs consists of running prose, and special purpose elements documenting the components (elements, classes, etc.) which are to be declared in the chosen schema language. All of this input is encoded in XML using elements defined in this chapter. In order to support more than one schema language, these elements constitute a comparatively high-level model which can then be mapped by an ODD processor to the specific constructs appropriate for the schema language in use. Although some modern schema languages such as RELAX NG or W3C Schema natively support self-documentary features of this kind, we have chosen to retain the ODD model, if only for reasons of compatibility with earlier versions of these Guidelines. We do however use the ISO standard XML schema language RELAX NG (http://www.relaxng.org) as a means of declaring content models, rather than inventing a completely new XML-based representation for them. We also use the ISO Schematron language to define additional constraints beyond those expressed in the content model, as further discussed in 22.4.4.2 Additional constraints below.

In the TEI system, a schema is built by combining element and attribute declarations, more or less as required. Each element is documented by an appropriate specification element and has an identifier unique across the whole TEI scheme. For convenience, these specifications are grouped into a number of discrete modules, which can also be combined more or less as required. Each major chapter of these Guidelines defines a distinct module. Each module declares a number of elements specific to that module, and may also populate particular classes. All classes are available globally, irrespective of the module in which they are declared; particular modules extend the meaning of a class by adding elements or attributes to it. Wherever possible, element content models are defined in terms of classes rather than in terms of specific elements. Modules can also declare particular patterns, which act as short-cuts for commonly used content models or class references.

In the present chapter, we discuss the elements needed to support this system. In addition, section 22.1 Phrase Level Documentary Elements discusses some general purpose elements which may be useful in any kind of technical documentation, wherever there is need to talk about technical features of an XML encoding such as element names and attributes. Section 22.2 Modules and Schemas discusses the elements which are used to document XML modules and their high-level components. Section 22.3 Specification Elements discusses the elements which document XML elements and their attributes, element classes, and generic patterns or macros. Finally, section 22.8 Module for Documention Elements provides a summary overview of the elements provided by the module.

» 22.2 Modules and Schemas
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22.1 Phrase Level Documentary ElementsTEI: Phrase Level Documentary Elements¶

22.1.1 Phrase Level TermsTEI: Phrase Level Terms¶

In any kind of technical documentation, the following phrase-level elements may be found useful for marking up strings of text which need to be distinguished from the running text because they come from some formal language:

code 包含一個正式語言的字母代碼，像是一個程式語言。
lang (formal language) 表示該代碼的正式語言名稱
ident (identifier) 包含一個使用正式語言的某種物件的識別符碼或名稱。

Like other phrase-level elements used to indicate the semantics of a typographically distinct string, these are members of the model.emphLike class. They are available anywhere that running prose is permitted when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.

The code and ident elements are intended for use when citing brief passages in some formal language such as a programming language, as in the following example:

<p>If the variable <ident>z</ident> has a value of zero, a statement
such as <code>x=y/z</code> will usually cause a fatal error.</p>

If the cited phrase is a mathematical or chemical formula, the more specific formula element defined by the figures module (14.2 Formulæ and Mathematical Expressions) may be more appropriate.

A further group of similar phrase-level elements is also defined for the special case of representing parts of an XML document:

att (屬性) 包含在連續文字中出現的屬性名稱。
gi (通用識別符碼) 包含一個元素名稱 (通用識別符碼) 。
tag 包含具有完整開始標籤與結束標籤的文字，可能包括屬性說明，但不包含開頭及結尾標記定義符號。
val (屬性值) 包含單一屬性值。

These elements constitute the model.phrase.xml class, which is also a subclass of model.phrase. They are also available anywhere that running prose is permitted when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.

As an example of the recommended use of these elements, we quote from an imaginary TEI working paper:

<p>The <gi>gi</gi> element is used to tag
element names when they appear in the text; the
<gi>tag</gi> element however is used to show how a tag as
such might appear. So one might talk of an occurrence of the
<gi>blort</gi> element which had been tagged
<tag>blort type='runcible'</tag>. The
<att>type</att> attribute may take any name token as
value; the default value is <val>spqr</val>, in memory of
its creator.</p>

Within technical documentation, it is also often necessary to provide more extended examples of usage or to present passages of markup for discussion. The following special elements are provided for these purposes:

eg 包含任何種類的說明範例。
egXML 包含形式完整的單一XML範例的根結構，用以說明某些XML元素或屬性的使用方法。

Like the code element, the egXML element is used to mark strings of formal code, or passages of XML markup. The eg element may be used to enclose any kind of example, which will typically be rendered as a distinct block, possibly using particular formatting conventions, when the document is processed. It is a specialized form of the more general q element provided by the TEI core module. In documents containing examples of XML markup, the egXML element should be used for preference, as further discussed below in 22.4.2 Exemplification of Components, since the content of this element can be checked for well-formedness.

The global xml:space is available to indicate that white space should be preserved within the content of these elements.

These elements are added to the class model.egLike when this module is included in a schema. That class is a part of the general model.inter class, thus permitting eg or egXML elements to appear either within or between paragraph-like elements.

« 22.1.1 Phrase Level Terms
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22.1.2 Element and Attribute DescriptionsTEI: Element and Attribute Descriptions¶

Within the body of a document using this module, the following elements may be used to reference parts of the specification elements discussed in section 22.3 Specification Elements, in particular the brief prose descriptions these provide for elements and attributes.

specList (specification list) 標記一敘述列表插入散文文件的位置。
specDesc/ (元素或元素集描述) 指出指定元素或元素集的描述應在此包括在文件中。

TEI practice requires that a specList listing the elements under discussion introduce each subsection of a module's documentation. The source for the present section, for example, begins as follows:

<div3>
<head>Element and attribute descriptions</head>
<p>Within the body of a document using this module, the following
   elements may be used to reference parts of the specification elements
   discussed in section <ptr target="#TDcrystals"/>, in particular the
   brief prose descriptions these provide for elements and attributes.
<specList>
   <specDesc key="specList"/>
   <specDesc key="specDesc"/>
  </specList>
</p>
<p>TEI practice requires that a <gi>specList</gi> listing the elements
   ...
</p>

</div3>

When formatting the ptr element in this example, an ODD processor might simply generate the section number and title of the section referred to, perhaps additionally inserting a link to the section. In a similar way, when processing the specDesc elements, an ODD processor must recover relevant details of the elements being specified (specList and specDesc in this case) from their associated declaration elements: typically, the details recovered will include a brief description of the element and its attributes. These, and other data, will be stored in a specification element elsewhere within the current document, or they may be supplied by the ODD processor in some other way, for example from a database. For this reason, the link to the required specification element is always made using a TEI-defined key rather than an XML IDREF value. The ODD processor uses this key as a means of accessing the specification element required. There is no requirement that this be performed using the XML ID/IDREF mechanism, but there is an assumption that the identifier be unique.

A specDesc generates in the documentation the identifier, and also the contents of the desc child of whatever specification element is indicated by its key attribute, as in the example above. Documentation for any attributes specified by the atts attribute will also be generated as an associated attribute list.

22.2 Modules and SchemasTEI: Modules and Schemas¶

As mentioned above, the primary purpose of this module is to facilitate the documentation and creation of an XML schema derived from the TEI Guidelines. The following elements are provided for this purpose:

schemaSpec (schema specification) 建立一個符合TEI標準的模型以及該模型文件。
moduleSpec (module specification) 記錄單一模組的結構、內容、以及用途，例如：一個已命名且外部明確的宣告組。

moduleRef (module reference) 參照一個被併入某一模型的模組。

include	supplies a list of the elements which are to be copied from the specified module into the schema being defined.
except	supplies a list of the elements which are not to be copied from the specified module into the schema being defined.

specGrp (說明群組) 包含在現有模組中的細節使用說明群組。
specGrpRef/ (參照到一個說明群組) 指出被參照的元素specGrp中的宣告應在此插入。
attRef/ (屬性指標) 連結到屬性或屬性群組的定義。
elementRef/ points to the specification for some element which is to be included in a schema

A module is a convenient way of grouping together element and other declarations, and associating an externally-visible name with the resulting group. A specification group performs essentially the same function, but the resulting group is not accessible outside the scope of the ODD document in which it is defined, whereas a module can be accessed by name from any TEI schema. Elements, and their attributes, element classes, and patterns are all individually documented using further elements described in section 22.3 Specification Elements below; part of that specification includes the name of a module to which the component belongs.

An ODD processor generating XML DTD or schema fragments from a document marked up according to the recommendations of this chapter will generate such fragments for each moduleSpec element found. For example, the chapter documenting the TEI module for names and dates contains a module specification like the following:

<moduleSpec ident="namesdates">
<altIdent type="FPI">Names and Dates</altIdent>
<desc>Additional elements for names and dates</desc>
</moduleSpec>

together with specifications for all the elements, classes, and patterns which make up that module, expressed using elementSpec, classSpec, or macroSpec elements as appropriate. (These elements are discussed in section 22.3 Specification Elements below.) Each of those specifications carries a module attribute, the value of which is namesdates. An ODD processor encountering the moduleSpec element above can thus generate a schema fragment for the TEI namesdates module that includes declarations for all the elements (etc.) which reference it.

In most realistic applications, it will be desirable to combine more than one module together to form a complete schema. A schema consists of references to one or more modules or specification groups, and may also contain explicit declarations or redeclarations of elements (see further 22.5 Building a Schema). Any combination of modules can be used to create a schema ⁸⁴

A schema can combine references to TEI modules with references to other (non-TEI) modules using different namespaces, for example to include mathematical markup expressed using MathML in a TEI document. By default, the effect of combining modules is to allow all of the components declared by the constituent modules to coexist (where this is syntactically possible: where it is not—for example, because of name clashes—a schema cannot be generated). It is also possible to over-ride declarations contained by a module, as further discussed in section 22.5 Building a Schema

It is often convenient to describe and operate on sets of declarations smaller than the whole, and to document them in a specific order: such collections are called specGrps (specification groups). Individual specGrp elements are identified using the global xml:id attribute, and may then be referenced from any point in an ODD document using the specGrpRef element. This is useful if, for example, it is desired to describe particular groups of elements in a specific sequence. Note however that the order in which element declarations appear within the schema code generated from an ODD file element is not in general affected by the order of declarations within a specGrp.

An ODD processor will generate a piece of schema code corresponding with the declarations contained by a specGrp element in the documentation being output, and a cross-reference to such a piece of schema code when processing a specGrpRef. For example, if the input text reads

<p>This module contains three red elements:
<specGrp xml:id="RED">
  <elementSpec ident="beetroot">

  </elementSpec>
  <elementSpec ident="east">

  </elementSpec>
  <elementSpec ident="rose">

  </elementSpec>
</specGrp>
and two blue ones:
<specGrp xml:id="BLUE">
  <elementSpec ident="sky">

  </elementSpec>
  <elementSpec ident="bayou">

  </elementSpec>
</specGrp>
</p>

then the output documentation will replace the two specGrp elements above with a representation of the schema code declaring the elements <beetroot>, <east>, and <rose> and that declaring the elements <sky> and <bayou> respectively. Similarly, if the input text contains elsewhere a passage such as

<div>
<head>An overview of the imaginary module</head>
<p>The imaginary module contains declarations for coloured things:
<specGrpRef target="#RED"/>
<specGrpRef target="#BLUE"/>
</p>
</div>

then the specGrpRef elements may be replaced by an appropriate piece of reference text such as ‘The RED elements were declared in section 4.2 above’, or even by a copy of the relevant declarations. As stated above, the order of declarations within the imaginary module described above will not be affected in any way. Indeed, it is possible that the imaginary module will contain declarations not present in any specification group, or that the specification groups will refer to elements that come from different modules. Specification groups are always local to the document in which they are defined, and cannot be referenced externally (unlike modules).

22.3 Specification ElementsTEI: Specification Elements¶

The following elements are used to declare elements, classes, and patterns:

elementSpec 紀錄單一元素類型的結構、內容、以及用途。
classSpec 包含一個TEI元素集的參照資訊；元素集是一群在內容模組中同時出現、或共用某些屬性、或兩者皆包括的元素。
generate 說明應該建立結構元素集的哪些替換及順序作業實例。在預設的情形下，會提供所有的變數。
macroSpec 記錄模式的功能與實行。

Unlike most elements in the TEI scheme, each of these elements has a fairly rigid internal structure consisting of a large number of child elements which are always presented in the same order. For this reason, we refer to them metaphorically as ‘crystals’. Furthermore, since these elements all describe markup objects in broadly similar ways, they have several child elements in common. In the remainder of this chapter, we discuss first the elements which are common to all the specification elements, and then those which are specific to a particular type.

Specification elements may appear at any point in an ODD document, both between and within paragraphs as well as inside a specGrp element, but the specification element for any particular component may only appear once (except in the case where a modification is being defined; see further 22.5 Building a Schema). The order in which they appear will not affect the order in which they are presented within any schema module generated from the document. In documentation mode, however, an ODD processor will output the schema declarations corresponding with a specification element at the point in the text where they are encountered, provided that they are contained by a specGrp element, as discussed in the previous section. An ODD processor will also associate all declarations found with the nominated module, thus including them within the schema code generated for that module, and it will also generate a full reference description for the object concerned in a catalogue of markup objects. These latter two actions always occur irrespective of whether or not the declaration is included in a specGrp.

22.4 Common ElementsTEI: Common Elements¶

This section discusses the child elements common to all of the specification elements. These child elements are used to specify the naming, description, exemplification, and classification of the specification elements.

22.4.1 Description of ComponentsTEI: Description of Components¶

remarks 包含任何關於元素、屬性、元素集，或實體的使用資訊之評論或討論，該元素、屬性、元素集或實體未以其他方式紀錄在所包含的元素中。
listRef (參照列表) 提供一個重要參照的列表，這些參照連結到詳述此元素的位置，在此文件裡或是其他地方。

One or more desc elements defined by the core module may be used to provide a brief characterization of the intended function of the element, class, value etc. being documented, as in the following example:

<elementSpec module="drama" ident="actor">
<desc>Name of an actor appearing within a cast list.</desc>
<desc xml:lang="ja"> 登場人物リスト中にある役者名を示す．</desc>
<desc xml:lang="it">nome di un attore che appare nella lista dei personaggi.</desc>

</elementSpec>

The remarks element contains any additional commentary about how the item concerned may be used, details of implementation-related issues, suggestions for other ways of treating related information etc., as in the following example:

<elementSpec module="core" ident="foreign">

<remarks>
  <p>This element is intended for use only where no other element
     is available to mark the phrase or words concerned. The global
  <att>xml:lang</att> attribute should be used in preference to this element
     where it is intended to mark the language of the whole of some text
     element.</p>
  <p>The <gi>distinct</gi> element may be used to identify phrases
     belonging to sublanguages or registers not generally regarded as true
     languages.</p>
</remarks>

</elementSpec>

A specification element will usually conclude with a list of references, each tagged using the standard ptr element, and grouped together into a listRef element: in the case of the foreign element discussed above, the list is as follows:

where the value COHQF is the identifier of the section in the Guidelines where this element is fully documented.

22.4.2 Exemplification of ComponentsTEI: Exemplification of Components¶

exemplum 包含說明某一元素使用的單一範例，可任意配合註解段落。
eg 包含任何種類的說明範例。
egXML 包含形式完整的單一XML範例的根結構，用以說明某些XML元素或屬性的使用方法。
valid indicates the intended validity of the example with respect to a schema.

The exemplum element is used to combine a single illustrative example with an optional paragraph of commentary following or preceding it. The illustrative example itself may be marked up using either the eg or the egXML element.

If an example contains XML markup, it should be marked up using the egXML element. In such a case, it will clearly be necessary to distinguish the markup within the example from the markup of the document itself. In an XML schema environment, this is easily done by using a different name space for the content of the egXML element. For example:

<p>The <gi>term</gi> element may be used to mark any technical term, thus : <egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"> This <term>recursion</term> is giving me a headache.</egXML></p>

When this approach is taken, but it is also desired to use markup within the example for example to indicate some aspect of its formatting, the markup concerned must be explicitly associated with the current (TEI) namespace, as in the following example:

<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples" xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> <div> <head>A slide about <gi>egXML</gi></head> <list> <item><gi>egXML</gi> can be used to give XML examples in the TEI Examples namespace</item> <item>Attributes values for<att>valid</att>: <list tei:rend="collapsed"> <item><val tei:rend="green">true</val>: intended to be fully valid</item> <item><val tei:rend="amber">feasible</val>: valid if missing nodes provided</item> <item><val tei:rend="red">false</val>: not intended to be valid</item> </list> </item> <item>The<att>rend</att> attribute in the TEI namespace can be used for recording how parts of the example was rendered.</item> </list> </div> </egXML>

If complex rendition information is required, then the rendition attribute, in the TEI namespace, can be used.

Alternatively, the XML tagging within an example may be ‘escaped’, either by using entity references to represent the opening angle bracket, or by wrapping the whole example in a CDATA marked section:

<p>The <gi>term</gi> element may be used to mark any technical term, thus : <egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"> This <term>recursion</term> is giving me a headache.</egXML></p>

or, equivalently:

<p>The <gi>term</gi> element may be used to mark any technical term, thus : <egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples"><![CDATA[ This <term>recursion</term> is giving me a headache.]]></egXML></p>

However, escaping the markup in this way will make it impossible to validate, and should therefore generally be avoided.

If the XML contained in an example is not well-formed then it must either be enclosed in a CDATA marked section, or ‘escaped’ as above: this applies whether the eg or egXML is used. The valid attribute on egXML may be used to indicate the XML validity of the example with respect to some schema, as being valid, invalid, or feasibly valid.

An egXML element should not be used to tag non-XML examples: the general purpose eg or q elements should be used for such purposes.

22.4.3 Classification of ComponentsTEI: Classification of Components¶

In the TEI scheme elements are assigned to one or more classes, which may themselves have subclasses. The following elements are used to indicate class membership:

classes 標明所記錄的元素或元素集所屬或是附屬的所有元素集。
memberOf 標明父元素或元素集所屬的元素集。
key 標明一元素集的識別名稱，該元素集為所紀錄元素或元素集之所屬或附屬元素集

The classes element appears within either the elementSpec or classSpec element. It specifies the classes of which the element or class concerned is a member by means of one or more memberOf child elements. Each such element references a class by means of its key attribute. Classes themselves are defined by the classSpec element described in section 22.4.6 Element Classes below.

For example, to show that the element gi is a member of the class model.phrase.xml, the elementSpec which documents this element contains the following classes element:

22.4.4 Element SpecificationsTEI: Element Specifications¶

The elementSpec element is used to document an element type, together with its associated attributes. In addition to the elements listed above, it may contain the following subcomponents:

content (模型宣告) 包含所記錄之模型的宣告文字。
autoPrefix controls whether or not pattern names generated in the corresponding RELAXNG schema source are automatically prefixed to avoid potential nameclashes.
constraint (constraint rules) the formal rules of a constraint
attList 包含所有和此元素相關的屬性記錄，使用一連串的元素attDef。
org (organization) 標明是否列表中的全部屬性皆可使用 (org="group") 、或是僅可使用其中一個 (org="choice")。

22.4.4.1 Content modelsTEI: Content models¶

The content of the element content may be expressed in one of two ways. It may use a schema language of some kind, as defined by a pattern called macro.schemaPattern, which is provided by the module defined in this chapter. Alternatively, the legal content for an element may be fully specified using the valList element, described in 22.4.5 Attribute List Specification below.

In the case of the TEI Guidelines, element content models are defined using RELAX NG patterns, although the user may over-ride this by redefining the macro.schemaPattern pattern.

Here is a very simple example

The element within whose specification element this content element appears will have a content model which is expressed in RELAX NG as text, using the RELAX NG namespace. This model will be copied unchanged to the output when RELAX NG schemas are being generated. When an XML DTD is being generated, an equivalent declaration (in this case (#PCDATA)) will be output.

Here is a more complex example:

This is the content model for the teiHeader element, expressed in the RELAX NG syntax, which again is copied unchanged to the output during schema generation. The equivalent DTD notation generated from this is

(fileDesc, (%model.teiHeaderPart;)*,
revisionDesc?)

The RELAX NG language does not formally distinguish element names, attribute names, class names, or macro names: all names are patterns which are handled in the same way, as the above example shows. Within the TEI scheme, however, different naming conventions are used to distinguish amongst the objects being named. Unqualified names (fileDesc, revisionDesc) are always element names. Names prefixed with model. or att. (e.g. model.teiHeaderPart and att.typed) are always class names. In DTD language, classes are represented by parameter entities (%model.teiHeaderPart; in the above example); see further 1 The TEI Infrastructure.

The RELAX NG pattern names generated by an ODD processor by default include a special prefix, the default value for which is set using the prefix attribute on schemaSpec. The purpose of this is to ensure that the pattern name generated is uniquely identified as belonging to a particular schema, and thus avoid name clashes. For example, in a RELAX NG schema combining the TEI element ident with another element called ident from some other vocabulary, the former will be defined by a pattern called TEI_ident rather than simply ident. Most of the time, this behaviour is entirely transparent to the user; the one occasion when it is not will be where a content model (expressed using RELAX NG syntax) needs explicitly to reference either the TEI ident or the other one. In such a situation, the autoPrefix attribute on content may be used. For example, suppose that we wish to define a content model for term which permits either a TEI ident or the ident defined by some other vocabulary. A suitable content model would be generated from the following content element:

« 22.4.4.1 Content models
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22.4.4.2 Additional constraintsTEI: Additional constraints¶

In addition to the content element, a set of identified general constraint elements can be provided where rules about the validity of an element can be expressed. They are identifiable in order that a TEI customization may override, delete or change them individually. These elements follow the content element, are permitted as siblings of datatype in attDef, and as children of schemaSpec. The constraints can be expressed in any notation which is found useful; the scheme must be recorded using the scheme attribute of constraint.

The TEI Guidelines themselves provide constraints using the ISO Schematron language. These are normative, and changes to them may affect conformance, just as for content. Although not all processors will be able to process all constraints, they should follow as many as they can.

A complete Schematron document consists of a <schema> element containing <ns> and <pattern> elements; each pattern specifies a rule and a context. In a normal TEI specification it is expected that <ns> and <pattern> elements will be placed wherever suitable for documentation, and extracted into a single Schematron schema, or embedded in another schema language. As a convenience for readers, however, TEI processors should also support the direct placement of Schematron <report> and <assert> elements inside the constraint element within elementSpec; the <pattern> and <rule> containers should then be generated automatically.

Constraints are generally used to model local rules which are outside the scope of conventional schema languages. For example, the TEI element relation has a note that ‘Only one of the attributes active and mutual may be supplied; the attribute passive may be supplied only if the attribute active is supplied.’, which can be written in Schematron as

<constraintSpec ident="activemutual" scheme="isoschematron">
<desc>Check mutually incompatible attributes</desc>
<constraint>
  <sch:report test="@active and @mutual">Only one of the attributes
     'active' and 'mutual' may be supplied</sch:report>
  <sch:report test="@passive and not(@active)">the attribute 'passive'
     may be supplied only if the attribute 'active' is
     supplied</sch:report>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>

We may also look at rules to apply to a TEI document which is going to be rendered into accessible HTML. Since the rules refer to TEI elements, we need to declare the TEI namespace in Schematron. We can check that some sort of content is available from which the alt attribute of an HTML <img> can be created:

<constraintSpec ident="alt" scheme="isoschematron">
<constraint>
  <sch:ns prefix="tei" uri="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"/>
  <sch:pattern id="Alt tags">
   <sch:rule context="tei:figure">
    <sch:report test="not(tei:figDesc or tei:head)"> You should
         provide information in a figure from which
         we can construct an alt attribute in HTML </sch:report></sch:rule></sch:pattern>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>

or we might enforce other HTML accessibility rules about tables; note here the use of a report and an assertion within one pattern:

<constraintSpec ident="tables" scheme="isoschematron">
<constraint>
  <sch:ns prefix="tei" uri="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"/>
  <sch:pattern id="Tables">
   <sch:rule context="tei:table">
    <sch:assert test="tei:head">A <table> should have a caption, using a <head> element</sch:assert>
    <sch:report test="parent::tei:body">Do not use tables to lay out the document body</sch:report></sch:rule></sch:pattern>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>

We can also model contextual constraints in Schematron:

<constraintSpec ident="subclauses" scheme="isoschematron">
<constraint>
  <sch:rule context="tei:div">
   <sch:assert test="not(tei:div) or count(tei:div)>1">a division must contain
       at least two subdivisions</sch:assert></sch:rule>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>

and base requirements on attribute values:

<constraintSpec ident="introtitle" scheme="isoschematron">
<constraint>
  <sch:assert
    test="tei:fileDesc/tei:titleStmt/tei:title[@type='introductory']"> an introductory component of the title is expected
  </sch:assert>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>
<constraintSpec ident="maintitle" scheme="isoschematron">
<constraint>
  <sch:assert
    test="tei:fileDesc/tei:titleStmt/tei:title[@type='main']"> a main title must be supplied
  </sch:assert>
</constraint>
</constraintSpec>

22.4.5 Attribute List SpecificationTEI: Attribute List Specification¶

The attList element is used to document information about a collection of attributes, either within an elementSpec, or within a classSpec. An attribute list can be organized either as a group of attribute definitions, all of which are understood to be available, or as a choice of attribute definitions, of which only one is understood to be available. An attribute list may also contain nested attribute lists.

The attDef element is used to document a single attribute, using an appropriate selection from the common elements already mentioned and the following which are specific to attributes:

attDef (屬性定義) 包含單一屬性的定義。
usage 說明屬性或元素的必備性。
datatype 指明屬性的公開屬性值，參照到任何所選擇的模型語言所定義的資料類型。
defaultVal 標明屬性的預設宣告值。
valDesc (屬性值描述) 除了元素datatype所帶有的資訊之外，說明屬性可使用的屬性值在字義或語法上的限制。
valList (屬性值列表) 包含一個或多個元素valItem，以定義一個屬性可使用的屬性值。
valItem 包含單一屬性的一個屬性值及註解對。

The attList within an elementSpec is used to specify only the attributes which are specific to that particular element. Instances of the element may carry other attributes which are declared by the classes of which the element is a member. These extra attributes, which are shared by other elements, or by all elements, are specified by an attList contained within a classSpec element, as described in section 22.4.6 Element Classes below.

22.4.5.1 DatatypesTEI: Datatypes¶

The datatype element is used to state what kind of value an attribute may have, using whatever facilities are provided by the underlying schema language. For the TEI scheme, expressed in RELAX NG, elements from the RELAX NG namespace may be used, for example

permits any string of Unicode characters not containing markup, and is thus the equivalent of CDATA in DTD language.

The RELAX NG language also provides support for a number of primitive datatypes which may be specified here, using the <rng:data> element: thus one may write

to specify that an element or attribute's contents should conform to the W3C definition for boolean.

Although only one child element may be given, this might be a selector such as rng:choice to indicate multiple possibilities:

which would permit either a date or a real number. In fact, the child element might be a rng:list element to indicate that a sequence of values is required, a rng:param element to specify a regular expression, or even a list of explicit rng:values. Such usages are permitted by the scheme documented here, but are not recommended when it is desired to remain independent of a particular schema language, since the full generality of one schema language cannot readily be converted to that of another. In the TEI abstract model, datatyping should preferably be carried out either by explicit enumeration of permitted values (using the TEI-specific valList element described below), or by definition of an explicit pattern, using the TEI-specific macroSpec element discussed further in section 22.4.7 Pattern Documentation.

22.4.5.2 Value SpecificationTEI: Value Specification¶

The valDesc element may be used to describe constraints on data content in an informal way: for example

<valDesc>must point to another <gi>align</gi>
element logically preceding this
one.</valDesc>

<valDesc>Values should be Library of Congress subject
headings.</valDesc>

<valDesc>A bookseller's surname,
taken from the list in <title>Pollard and Redgrave</title>
</valDesc>

As noted above, the datatype element constrains the possible values for an attribute. The valDesc element can be used to describe further constraints. For example, to specify that an attribute age can take positive integer values less than 100, the datatype data.numeric might be used in combination with a valDesc such as ‘values must be positive integers less than 100’.

More usually, however, where constraints on values are explicitly enumerated, the valList element is used, as in the following example:

<valList type="closed">
<valItem ident="req">
  <gloss>required</gloss>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="mwa">
  <gloss>mandatory when applicable</gloss>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="rec">
  <gloss>recommended</gloss>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="rwa">
  <gloss>recommended when applicable</gloss>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="opt">
  <gloss>optional</gloss>
</valItem>
</valList>

Since this value list specifies that it is of type closed, only the values enumerated and glossed above are legal, and an ODD processor will typically enforce these constraints in the schema fragment generated.

The valList element is also used to provide illustrative examples of the kinds of values expected. In such cases the type attribute will have the value open and the datatype will usually be data.enumerated.

Note that the gloss element is needed to explain the significance of the identifier for an item only when this is not apparent, for example because it is abbreviated, as in the above example. It should not be used to provide a full description of the intended meaning (this is the function of the desc element), nor to comment on equivalent values in other schemes (this is the purpose of the equiv element), nor to provide alternative versions of the ident attribute value in other languages (this is the purpose of the altIdent element).

22.4.5.3 ExamplesTEI: Examples¶

The following attList demonstrates some of the possibilities; for more detailed examples, consult the tagged version of the reference material in these Guidelines.

<attList>
<attDef ident="type">
  <desc>describes the form of the list.</desc>
  <datatype>
   <rng:text/>
  </datatype>
  <defaultVal>simple</defaultVal>
  <valList type="semi">
   <valItem ident="ordered">
    <desc>list items are numbered or lettered. </desc>
   </valItem>
   <valItem ident="bulleted">
    <desc>list items are marked with a bullet or other
         typographic device. </desc>
   </valItem>
   <valItem ident="simple">
    <desc>list items are not numbered or bulleted.</desc>
   </valItem>
   <valItem ident="gloss">
    <desc>each list item glosses some term or
         concept, which is given by a label element preceding
         the list item.</desc>
   </valItem>
  </valList>
  <remarks>
   <p>The formal syntax of the element declarations allows
   <gi>label</gi> tags to be omitted from lists tagged <tag>list
         type="gloss"</tag>; this is however a semantic error.</p>
  </remarks>
</attDef>
</attList>

In the following example, the org attribute is used to indicate that instances of the element concerned may bear either a bar attribute or a baz attribute, but not both. The bax attribute is always available:

22.4.6 Element ClassesTEI: Element Classes¶

The element classSpec is used to document either an attribute class or a ‘model class’, as defined in section 1.3 The TEI Class System. A corresponding classRef element may be used to select a specific named class from those available.

classSpec 包含一個TEI元素集的參照資訊；元素集是一群在內容模組中同時出現、或共用某些屬性、或兩者皆包括的元素。
type 指出這是結構元素集或是屬性元素集。
classRef/ points to the specification for an attribute or model class which is to be included in a schema
attList 包含所有和此元素相關的屬性記錄，使用一連串的元素attDef。

A model class specification does not list all of its members. Instead, its members declare that they belong to it by means of a classes element contained within the relevant elementSpec. This will contain a memberOf element for each class of which the relevant element is a member, supplying the name of the relevant class. For example, the elementSpec for the element hi contains the following:

This indicates that the hi element is a member of the class with identifier model.hiLike. The classSpec element that documents this class contains the following declarations:

<classSpec type="model" ident="model.hiLike">
<desc>groups phrase-level elements related to highlighting that have
no specific semantics </desc>
<classes>
<memberOf key="model.highlighted"/>
</classes>
</classSpec>

which indicate that the class model.hiLike is actually a member (or subclass) of the class model.highlighted.

The function of a model class declaration is to provide another way of referring to a group of elements. It does not confer any other properties on the elements which constitute its membership.

The attribute type is used to distinguish between ‘model’ and ‘attribute’ classes. In the case of attribute classes, the attributes provided by membership in the class are documented by an attList element contained within the classSpec. In the case of model classes, no further information is needed to define the class beyond its description, its identifier, and optionally any classes of which it is a member.

When a model class is referenced in the content model of an element (i.e. in the content of an elementSpec), its meaning will depend on the name used to reference the class.

If the reference simply takes the form of the class name, it is interpreted to mean an alternated list of all the current members of the class. For example, suppose that the members of the class model.hiLike are elements hi, <it>, and <bo>. Then a content model such as

would be equivalent to the explicit content model:

(or, to use RELAX NG compact syntax, (hi|it|bo)*). However, a content model referencing the class as model.hiLike_sequence would be equivalent to the following explicit content model:

(or, in RELAX NG compact syntax, (hi,it,bo)*).

The following suffixes, appended with an underscore, can be given to a class name when it is referenced in a content model:

alternation: members of the class are alternatives
sequence: members of the class are to be provided in sequence
sequenceOptional: members of the class may be provided, in sequence, but are optional
sequenceOptionalRepeatable: members of the class may be provided one or more times, in sequence, but are optional
sequenceRepeatable: members of the class must be provided one or more times, in sequence

Thus a reference to model.hiLike_sequenceOptional in a content model would be equivalent to:

<rng:zeroOrMore>
<rng:optional>
  <rng:ref name="hi"/>
</rng:optional>
<rng:optional>
  <rng:ref name="it"/>
</rng:optional>
<rng:optional>
  <rng:ref name="bo"/>
</rng:optional>
</rng:zeroOrMore>

A reference to model.hiLike_sequenceRepeatable would however be equivalent to:

<rng:zeroOrMore>
<rng:oneOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="hi"/>
</rng:oneOrMore>
<rng:oneOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="it"/>
</rng:oneOrMore>
<rng:oneOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="bo"/>
</rng:oneOrMore>
</rng:zeroOrMore>

and a reference to model.hiLike_sequenceOptionalRepeatable would be equivalent to:

<rng:zeroOrMore>
<rng:zeroOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="hi"/>
</rng:zeroOrMore>
<rng:zeroOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="it"/>
</rng:zeroOrMore>
<rng:zeroOrMore>
  <rng:ref name="bo"/>
</rng:zeroOrMore>
</rng:zeroOrMore>

The ‘sequence’ in which members of a class appear in a content model when one of the sequence options is used is that in which the elements are declared.

In principle, all these possibilities are available to any element making reference to any class. The classSpec element defining the class may however limit the possibilities by means of its generate attribute, which can be used to say that this particular model may only be referenced in a content model with the suffixes it specifies. For example, if the classSpec for model.hiLike took the form <classSpec ident="model.hiLike" generate="sequence sequenceOptional"> then a content model referring to (say) model.hiLike_sequenceRepeatable would be regarded as invalid by an ODD processor.

An attribute class (a classSpec of type atts) contains an attList element which lists the attributes that all the members of that class inherit from it. For example, the class att.interpLike defines a small set of attributes common to all elements which are members of that class: those attributes are listed by the attList element contained by the classSpec for att.interpLike. When processing the documentation elements for elements which are members of that class, an ODD processor is required to extend the attList (or equivalent) for such elements to include any attributes defined by the classSpec elements concerned. There is a single global attribute class, att.global, to which some modules contribute additional attributes when they are included in a schema.

« 22.4.6 Element Classes
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22.4.7 Pattern DocumentationTEI: Pattern Documentation¶

The macroSpec element is used to declare and document predefined strings or patterns not otherwise documented by the elements described in this chapter. A corresponding macroRef element may be used to select a specific named pattern from those available. Patterns are used as a shorthand chiefly to describe common content models and datatypes, but may be used for any purpose. The following elements are used to represent patterns:

macroSpec 記錄模式的功能與實行。
type 指出當一個ODD處理器使用SGML語法建立模組時，應建立哪種類型的實體。
macroRef/ points to the specification for some pattern which is to be included in a schema
key the identifier used for the required pattern within the source indicated.
remarks 包含任何關於元素、屬性、元素集，或實體的使用資訊之評論或討論，該元素、屬性、元素集或實體未以其他方式紀錄在所包含的元素中。

22.5 Building a SchemaTEI: Building a Schema¶

The specification elements, and some of their children, are all members of the att.identified class, from which they inherit the following attributes:

att.identified 可利用屬性key來參照的元素
ident 提供被參照的元素的識別符號。
predeclare 說明該元素集是否為全域元素集，並必須在核心中宣告。
module 提供定義該元素的模組名稱。

This attribute class is a subclass of the att.combinable class from which it (and some other elements) inherits the following attribute:

att.combinable provides attributes indicating how multiple references to the same object in a schema should be combined
mode 標明該宣告在其來源模組中的作用。

These attributes are used by an ODD processor to determine how declarations are to be combined to form a schema or DTD, as further discussed in this section.

As noted above, a TEI schema is defined by a schemaSpec element containing an arbitrary mixture of explicit declarations for objects (i.e. elements, classes, patterns, or macro specifications) and references to other objects containing such declarations (i.e. references to specification groups, or to modules). A major purpose of this mechanism is to simplify the process of defining user customizations, by providing a formal method for the user to combine new declarations with existing ones, or to modify particular parts of existing declarations.

In the simplest case, a user-defined schema might simply combine all the declarations from two nominated modules:

An ODD processor, given such a document, should combine the declarations which belong to the named modules, and deliver the result as a schema of the requested type. It may also generate documentation for the elements declared by those modules. No source is specified for the modules, and the schema will therefore combine the declarations found in the most recent release version of the TEI Guidelines known to the ODD processor in use.

The value specified for the source attribute, when it is supplied as a URL, specifies any convenient location from which the relevant ODD files may be obtained. For the current release of the TEI Guidelines, a URL in the form http://www.tei-c.org/Vault/P5/x.y.z/xml/tei/odd/p5subset.xml may be used, where x.y.z represents the version number, e.g. 1.3.0. Alternatively, if the ODD files are locally installed, it may be more convenient to supply a value such as ../ODDs/p5subset.xml".

The value for the source attribute may any form of URI. A set of TEI-conformant specifications in a form directly usable by an ODD processor must be available at the location indicated. When no source value is supplied, an ODD processor may either raise an error or assume that the location of the current release of the TEI Guidelines is intended.

If the source is specified in the form of a private URI, the form recommended is aaa:x.y.z, where aaa is a prefix indicating the markup language in use, and x.y.z indicates the version number. For example, tei:1.2.1 should be used to reference release 1.2.1 of the current TEI Guidelines. When such a URI is used, it will usually be necessary to translate it before such a file can be used in blind interchange.

The effect of a moduleRef element is to include in the schema all declarations provided by that module. This may be modified by means of the attributes include and except which allow the encoder to supply an explicit lists of elements from the stated module which are to be included or excluded respectively. For example:

The schema specified here will include all the elements supplied by the core module except for add, del, orig, and reg. It will also include only the <linkGroup> and link elements from the linking module.

Alternatively, the element elementRef may be used to indicate explicitly which elements are to be included in a schema. The same effect as the preceding example might thus be achieved by the following:

Note that in this last case, there is no need to specify the name of the module from which the two element declarations are to be found; in the TEI scheme, element names are unique across all modules. The module is simply a convenient way of grouping together a number of related declarations.

A schema may also include declarations for new elements, as in the following example:

A declaration for the element <soundClip>, which is not defined in the TEI scheme, will be added to the output schema. This element will also be added to the existing TEI class model.pPart.data, and will thus be available in TEI conformant documents.

A schema might also include re-declarations of existing elements, as in the following example:

The effect of this is to redefine the content model for the element head as plain text, by over-riding the content child of the selected elementSpec. The attribute specification mode="change" has the effect of over-riding only those children elements of the elementSpec which appear both in the original specification and in the new specification supplied above: content in this example. Note that if the value for mode were replace, the effect would be to replace all children elements of the original specification with the the children elements of the new specification, and thus (in this example) to delete all of them except content.

A schema may not contain more than two declarations for any given component. The value of the mode attribute is used to determine exactly how the second declaration (and its constituents) should be combined with the first. The following table summarizes how a processor should resolve duplicate declarations; the term identifiable refers to those elements which can have a mode attribute:

mode value	existing declaration	effect
add	no	add new declaration to schema; process its children in add mode
add	yes	raise error
replace	no	raise error
replace	yes	retain existing declaration; process new children in replace mode; ignore existing children
change	no	raise error
change	yes	process identifiable children according to their modes; process unidentifiable children in replace mode; retain existing children where no replacement or change is provided
delete	no	raise error
delete	yes	ignore existing declaration and its children

22.6 Combining TEI and Non-TEI ModulesTEI: Combining TEI and Non-TEI Modules¶

In the simplest case, all that is needed to include a non-TEI module in a schema is to reference its RELAX NG source using the url attribute on moduleRef. The following specification, for example, creates a schema in which declarations from the non-TEI module svg11.rng (defining Standard Vector Graphics) are included. To avoid any risk of name clashes, the schema specifies that all TEI patterns generated should be prefixed by the string "TEI_".

This specification generates a single schema which might be used to validate either a TEI document (with the root element TEI), or an SVG document (with a root element <svg:svg>), but would not validate a TEI document containing <svg:svg> or other elements from the SVG language. For that to be possible, the <svg:svg> element must become a member of a TEI model class (1.3 The TEI Class System), so that it may be referenced by other TEI elements. To achieve this, we modify the last moduleRef in the above example as follows:

This states that when the declarations from the svg11.rng module are combined with those from the other modules, the declaration for the model class model.graphicLike in the TEI module should be extended to include the element <svg:svg> as an alternative. This has the effect that elements in the TEI scheme which define their content model in terms of that element class (notably figure) can now include it. A RELAX NG schema generated from such a specification can be used to validate documents in which the TEI figure element contains any valid SVG representation of a graphic, embedded within an <svg:svg> element.

22.7 Linking Schemas to XML DocumentsTEI: Linking Schemas to XML Documents¶

Schemas can be linked to XML documents by means of the <?xml-model?> processing instruction described in the W3C Working Group Note Associating Schemas with XML documents (http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-model/). <?xml-model?> can be used for any type of schema, and may be used for multiple schemas:

<?xml-model href="tei_tite.rng" type="application/xml" ?> <?xml-model href="checkLinks.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron" ?> <?xml-model href="tei_tite.odd" type="application/tei+xml" schematypens="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" ?>

This example includes a standard RELAX NG schema, a Schematron schema which might be used for checking that all pointing attributes point at existing targets, and also a link to the TEI ODD file from which the RELAX NG schema was generated. See also 2.3.7 The Schema Specification for details of another method of linking an ODD specification into your file by including a schemaSpec element in encodingDesc.

22.8 Module for Documention ElementsTEI: Module for Documention Elements¶

The module described in this chapter makes available the following components:

組件 tagdocs: TEI模組說明

被定義的元素: altIdent att attDef attList attRef classRef classSpec classes code constraint constraintSpec content datatype defaultVal eg egXML elementRef elementSpec equiv exemplum gi ident listRef macroRef macroSpec memberOf moduleRef moduleSpec remarks schemaSpec specDesc specGrp specGrpRef specList tag val valDesc valItem valList
被定義的分類: att.combinable att.identified
被定義的巨指令: macro.anyXML macro.schemaPattern

The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in 1.2 Defining a TEI Schema.

The elements described in this chapter are all members of one of three classes: model.oddDecl, model.oddRef, or model.phrase.xml, with the exceptions of schemaSpec (a member of model.divPart) and both eg and egXML (members of model.common and model.egLike). All of these classes are declared along with the other general TEI classes, in the basic structure module documented in 1 The TEI Infrastructure.

In addition, some elements are members of the att.identified class, which is documented in 22.5 Building a Schema above, and make use of the macro.schemaPattern pattern, which is documented in 22.4.4 Element Specifications above.

↑ « »

註解

ODD is short for ‘One Document Does it all’, and was the name invented by the original TEI Editors for the predecessor of the system currently used for this purpose. See further Burnard and Sperberg-McQueen (1995) and Burnard and Rahtz (2004).

↵

The distinction between base and additional tagsets in earlier versions of the TEI scheme has not been carried forward into P5.

↵

[English] [Deutsch] [Español] [Italiano] [Français] [日本語] [한국어] [中文]

TEI material can be licensed differently depending on the use you intend to make of it. Hence it is made available under both the CC+BY and BSD-2 licences. The CC+BY licence is generally appropriate for usages which treat TEI content as data or documentation. The BSD-2 licence is generally appropriate for usage of TEI content in a software environment. For further information or clarification, please contact the TEI Consortium.

TEI Guidelines Version 2.1.0. Last updated on 17th June 2012. This page generated on 2012-06-18T16:43:11Z

ident	提供被參照的元素的識別符號。
predeclare	說明該元素集是否為全域元素集，並必須在核心中宣告。
module	提供定義該元素的模組名稱。

P5: TEI指引