11 Representation of Primary Sources

Inhalt

This chapter defines a module intended for use in the representation of primary sources, such as manuscripts or other written materials. Section 11.1 Digital Facsimiles provides elements for the encoding of digital facsimiles or images of such materials, while the remainder of the chapter discusses ways of encoding detailed transcriptions of such materials. This module may also be useful in the preparation of critical editions, but the module defined here is distinct from that defined in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus, and may be used independently of it. Detailed metadata relating to primary sources of any kind may be recorded using the elements defined by the manuscript description module discussed in chapter 10 Manuscript Description, but again the present module may be used independently if such data is not required.

Although this chapter discusses manuscript materials more frequently than other forms of written text, most of the recommendations presented are equally applicable mutatis mutandis to the encoding of printed matter or indeed any form of written source, including monumental inscriptions. Similarly, where in the following descriptions terms such as ‘scribe’, ‘author’, ‘editor’, ‘annotator’ or ‘corrector’ are used, these may be re-interpreted in terms more appropriate to the medium being transcribed. In printed material, for example, the ‘compositor’ plays a role analogous to the ‘scribe’, while in an authorial manuscript, the author and the scribe are the same person.

11.1 Digital Facsimiles

These Guidelines are mostly concerned with the preparation of digital texts in which pre-existing sources are transcribed or otherwise converted into character form, and marked up in XML. However, it is also very common practice to make a different form of ‘digital text’, which is instead composed of digital images of the original source, typically one per page, or other written surface. We call such a resource a digital facsimile. A digital facsimile may, in the simplest case, just consist of a collection of images, with some metadata to identify them and the source materials portrayed. It may sometimes contain a variety of images of the same source pages, perhaps of different resolutions, or of different kinds. Such a collection may form part of any kind of document, for example a commentary of a codicological or paeleographic nature, where there is a need to align explanatory text with image data. It may also be complemented by a transcribed or encoded version of the original source, which may be linked to the page images. In this section we present elements designed to support these various possibilities and discuss the associated mechanisms provided by these Guidelines.

When this module is included in a schema, the class att.global is extended to include two new pointer attributes, facs and change:
  • att.global.facs groups elements corresponding with all or part of an image, because they contain an alternative representation of it, typically but not necessarily a transcription of it.
    facs (facsimile) points to all or part of an image which corresponds with the content of the element.
  • att.global.change supplies the change attribute, allowing its member elements to specify one or more states or revision campaigns with which they are associated.
    changepoints to one or more change elements documenting a state or revision campaign to which the element bearing this attribute and its children have been assigned by the encoder.
The change attribute is discussed further below in section 11.7 Changes. The facs attribute is used to associate any element in a transcription with an image of the corresponding part of the source, by means of the usual URI pointing mechanism.
In the simple case where a digital text is composed of page images, the facs attribute on the pb element may be used to associate each image with an appropriate point in the text:
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
 <teiHeader>
<!--...-->
 </teiHeader>
 <text>
  <pb facs="page1.png"/>
<!-- text contained on page 1 is encoded here -->
  <pb facs="page2.png"/>
<!-- text contained on page 2 is encoded here -->
 </text>
</TEI>
By convention, this encoding indicates that the image indicated by the facs attribute represents the whole of the text following the pb (pagebreak) element, up to the next pb element. Any convenient milestone element (see further 3.10.3 Milestone Elements) could be used in the same way; for example if the images represent individual columns, the cb element might be used. Though simple, this method has some drawbacks. It does not scale well to more complex cases where, for example, the images do not correspond exactly with transcribed pages, or where the intention is to align specific marked up elements with detailed images, or parts of images. The management of information about the images may become more difficult if references to them are scattered through many files rather than being concentrated in a single identifiable location. Nevertheless, this solution may be adequate for many straightforward ‘digital library’ applications.

The recommended approach to encoding facsimiles is instead to use the facs attribute in conjunction with the elements facsimile or sourceDoc, and the elements surface, surfaceGrp, and zone, which are also provided by this module. These elements make it possible to accommodate multiple images of each page, as well as to record the position and relative size of elements identified any kind of written surface and to link such elements with digital facsimile images of them. Typical applications include the provision of full text search in ‘digital facsimile editions’, and ways of annotating graphics, for example so as to identify individuals appearing in group portraits and link them to data about the people represented.

The following elements are available to represent components of a digital facsimile:
  • facsimile contains a representation of some written source in the form of a set of images rather than as transcribed or encoded text.
  • sourceDoc contains a transcription or other representation of a single source document potentially forming part of a dossier génétique or collection of sources.
  • surface defines a written surface as a two-dimensional coordinate space, optionally grouping one or more graphic representations of that space, zones of interest within that space, and transcriptions of the writing within them.
  • surfaceGrp defines any kind of useful grouping of written surfaces, for example the recto and verso of a single leaf, which the encoder wishes to treat as a single unit.
  • zone defines any two-dimensional area within a surface element.
    pointsidentifies a two dimensional area within the bounding box specified by the other attributes by means of a series of pairs of numbers, each of which gives the x,y coordinates of a point on a line enclosing the area.
Either of the facsimile or sourceDoc elements may be used to represent a digital facsimile. Either may appear within a TEI document along with, or instead of, the text element introduced in section 4 Default Text Structure. The facsimile element is designed for the case where the digital facsimile contains only images, whereas the sourceDoc element is for use in the case where such images are complemented by a documentary transcription. In this section, we first discuss the simpler case, returning to the use of the sourceDoc element in section 11.2 Combining Transcription with Facsimile below. When this module is selected therefore, a legal TEI document may thus comprise any of the following :
  • a TEI Header and a text element
  • a TEI Header and a facsimile element
  • a TEI Header and a sourceDoc element
  • a TEI Header, a facsimile element, and a text element
  • a TEI Header, one or more sourceDoc or facsimile elements, and a text element

Like the text element, a facsimile element may also contain an optional front or back element, used in the same way as described in sections 4.5 Front Matter and 4.7 Back Matter.

In the simplest case, a facsimile just contains a series of graphic elements, each of which identifies an image file:
<facsimile>
 <graphic url="page1.png"/>
 <graphic url="page2.png"/>
 <graphic url="page3.png"/>
 <graphic url="page4.png"/>
</facsimile>
If desired, the binaryObject element described in 3.9 Graphics and other non-textual components (or any other element from the model.graphicLike class) can be used instead of a graphic.
In this simple case, the four page images are understood to represent the complete facsimile, and are to be read in the sequence given. Suppose, however, that the second page of this particular work is available both as an ordinary photograph and as an infra-red image, or in two different resolutions. The surface element may be used to group the two image files, since these correspond with the same area of the work:
<facsimile>
 <graphic url="page1.png"/>
 <surface>
  <graphic url="page2-highRes.png"/>
  <graphic url="page2-lowRes.png"/>
 </surface>
 <graphic url="page3.png"/>
 <graphic url="page4.png"/>
</facsimile>

The surface element provides a way of indicating that the two images of page2 represent the same surface within the source material. A surface might be one side of a piece of paper or parchment, an opening in a codex treated as a single surface by the writer, a face of a monument, a billboard, a membrane of a scroll, or indeed any two-dimensional surface, of any size.

The surfaceGrp element may be used to indicate that two (or more) surfaces are associated in some way, for example because they represent the recto and verso of the same leaf, as in this example:
<facsimile>
 <surfaceGrp n="leaf1">
  <surface>
   <graphic url="page1.png"/>
  </surface>
  <surface>
   <graphic url="page2-highRes.png"/>
   <graphic url="page2-lowRes.png"/>
  </surface>
 </surfaceGrp>
</facsimile>
The surfaceGrp element may also be useful as a means of identifying other groups of written surfaces, such as adjacent faces of a monument, or gatherings of leaves.
Simply grouping related graphics is not however the main purpose of the surface element: rather it is to help identify the location and size of the various two-dimensional spaces constituting the digital facsimile. Note that the actual dimensions of the object represented are not provided by the surface element ; rather, the surface element defines an abstract coordinate space which may be used to address parts of the image. Four attributes supplied by the att.coordinated class are used to define this space.
  • att.coordinated elements which can be positioned within a two dimensional coordinate system.
    ulxgives the x coordinate value for the upper left corner of a rectangular space.
    ulygives the y coordinate value for the upper left corner of a rectangular space.
    lrxgives the x coordinate value for the lower right corner of a rectangular space.
    lrygives the y coordinate value for the lower right corner of a rectangular space.

By default, the same coordinate space is used for a surface and for all of its child elements.35 It may be most convenient to derive a coordinate space from a digital image of the surface in question such that each pixel in the image corresponds with a whole number of units (typically 1) in the coordinate space. In other cases it may be more convenient to use units such as millimetres. Neither practice implies any specific mapping between the coordinate system used and the actual dimensions of the physical object represented.

A surface element can contain one or more zone elements, each of which represents a region or bounding box defined in terms of the same coordinate space as that of its parent surface element. A zone may be rectangular or non-rectangular: a rectangular zone is defined by a sequence of four coordinates in the same way as a surface; a non-rectangular zone is defined using the attribute points, which provides a sequence of coordinates, each of which specifies a point on the perimeter of the zone.36

A zone may be used to define any region of interest, such as a detail or illustration, or some part of the surface which is to be aligned with a particular text element, or otherwise distinguished from the rest of the surface. A surface establishes a coordinate system which may be used to address parts or the whole of some digital representation of a written surface. A zone, by contrast, defines any arbitrary area of interest relative to that surface, using the same coordinate system. It might be bigger or smaller than its parent surface, or might overlap its boundaries. The only constraint is that it must be defined using the same coordinate system.

When an image of some kind is supplied within either a zone or a surface, the implication is that the image represents the whole of the zone or surface concerned. In the simple case therefore, we might imagine a surface defining a page, within which there is a graphic representing the whole of that page, and a number of zones defining parts of the page, each with its own graphic, each representing a part of the page. If however one of those graphics actually represents an area larger than the page (for example to include a binding or the surface of a desk on which the page rests), then it will be enclosed by a zone with coordinates larger than those of the parent surface.

For example, consider the following figure:
Badische Landesbibliothek, Manuscript Durlach 1, Fols. 95v-96r Abbildung 11.1. Badische Landesbibliothek, Manuscript Durlach 1, Fols. 95v-96r
This is an image of a two page spread from a manuscript in the Badische Landesbibliothek, Karlsruhe. We have no information as to the dimensions of the original object, but the low resolution image displayed here contains 500 pixels horizontally and 321 pixels vertically. For convenience, we might map each pixel to one cell of the coordinate space.37
We therefore define a surface element corresponding with the area of the image which represents the whole of the two page spread and embed the graphic within it:
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="500"
   lry="321">
  <graphic
    url="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Handschrift.karlsruhe.blb.jpg"/>
 </surface>
</facsimile>

If desired, the binaryObject element described in 3.9 Graphics and other non-textual components (or any other element from the model.graphicLike class) may be used instead of a graphic element.

Since the image in this example is of a two page opening, we will probably wish to define at least two nested zones, one for each page :
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="50"
   uly="20"
   lrx="400"
   lry="280">
  <zone
    ulx="0"
    uly="0"
    lrx="500"
    lry="321">
   <graphic
     url="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Handschrift.karlsruhe.blb.jpg"/>
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="50"
    uly="20"
    lrx="210"
    lry="280">
<!-- left hand page -->
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="240"
    uly="25"
    lrx="400"
    lry="280">
<!-- right hand page -->
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="90"
    uly="40"
    lrx="200"
    lry="225">
<!--- written part of left hand page -->
  </zone>
 </surface>
</facsimile>

As this example shows, in addition to acting as a container for graphic elements, zone elements may be used to identify parts of a surface for analytical purposes.

The relationship between zone and surface can be quite complex : for example, it may be appropriate to treat the whole of a two page spread as a single written surface, perhaps because particular written zones span both pages. A zone may contain a nested surface, if for example a page has an additional scrap of paper attached to it. A zone may be of any shape, not simply rectangular. Discussion of these and other cases are provided in section 11.4 Advanced uses of Surface and Zone below.

In the following extended example, we discuss a hypothetical digital edition of an early 16th century French work, Charles de Bovelles' Géometrie Pratique.38 In this edition, each page has been digitized as a separate file: for example, recto page 49 is stored in a file called Bovelles-49r.png. In the facsimile element used to contain the whole set of pages, we define a surface element for this page, which we situate within a coordinate scale running from 0 to 200 in the x (horizontal) axis, and 0 to 300 in the y (vertical) axis. The surface element contains a graphic element which represents the whole of this surface:
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="200"
   lry="300">
  <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
 </surface>
</facsimile>
We can now identify distinct zones within the page image using the coordinate scale defined for the surface. In the following figure Abbildung 11.2, Detail of p 49r from Bovelles Géometrie Pratique we show the upper part of the page, with boxes indicating four such zones. Each of these will be represented by a zone element, given within the surface element already defined, and specified in terms of the same coordinate system. Some zones of interest are indicated by red lines in the following image.
Detail of p 49r from Bovelles Abbildung 11.2. Detail of p 49r from Bovelles Géometrie Pratique
The following encoding defines each of the four zones identified in the figure above.
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="200"
   lry="300">
  <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
  <zone
    ulx="25"
    uly="25"
    lrx="180"
    lry="60">
<!-- contains the title -->
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="28"
    uly="75"
    lrx="175"
    lry="178"/>
<!-- contains the paragraph in italics -->
  <zone
    ulx="105"
    uly="76"
    lrx="175"
    lry="160"/>
<!-- contains the figure -->
  <zone
    ulx="45"
    uly="125"
    lrx="60"
    lry="130"/>
<!-- contains the word "pendans" -->
 </surface>
</facsimile>
Note that the location of each zone is defined independently but using the same coordinate system.
A non rectangular-zone, for example that containing the word cloche. at bottom left of the page, could also be defined, using the points attribute :
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="200"
   lry="300">
  <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
  <zone
    points="4.8,31.0 5.4,30.7 5.5,32.2 5.8,32.8 6.1,33.4 5.5,33.7 5.1,33.3 4.6,32.2"/>
 </surface>
</facsimile>
In this example a single graphic element has been associated directly with the surface of the page rather than nesting it within a zone. However, it is also possible to include multiple zone elements which contain a graphic element, if for example a detailed image is available. Since all zone elements use the same coordinate system (that defined by their parent surface), there is no need to demonstrate enclosure of one zone within another by means of nesting. To continue the current example, supposing that we have an additional image called Bovelles49r-detail.png containing an additional image of the figure in the third zone above, we might encode that zone as follows:
<zone
  ulx="105"
  uly="76"
  lrx="175"
  lry="160">
 <graphic url="Bovelles49r-detail.png"/>
</zone>

11.2 Combining Transcription with Facsimile

A digitized source document may contain nothing more than page images and a small amount of metadata. It may also contain an encoded transcription of the pages represented, which may either be ‘embedded’ within a sourceDoc element, or supplied in parallel with a facsimile as defined above.

If the transcription is regarded as a text in its own right, organized and structured independently of its physical realization in the document or documents represented by the facsimile, then the recommended practice is to use the text element to contain such a structured representation, and to present it in parallel. The text element is a sibling of the facsimile and sourceDoc elements. This approach is illustrated in section 11.2.1 Parallel Transcription below. Alternatively, if the transcription is intended not to prioritize representation of the final text so much as the process by which the document came to take its present form, or the physical disposition of its component parts, it may be preferable to present it as an embedding transcription, as further described in section 11.2.2 Embedded Transcription below.

11.2.1 Parallel Transcription

Suppose now that we wish to align a transcription of the page discussed in the preceding section with particular zones. We begin by giving each relevant part of the facsimile an identifier:
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="200"
   lry="300">
  <zone
    xml:id="B49r"
    ulx="0"
    uly="0"
    lrx="200"
    lry="300">
   <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="105"
    uly="76"
    lrx="175"
    lry="160">
   <graphic url="Bovelles49r-detail.png"/>
  </zone>
  <zone
    xml:id="B49rHead"
    ulx="25"
    uly="25"
    lrx="180"
    lry="60"/>
<!-- contains the title -->
  <zone
    xml:id="B49rPara2"
    ulx="28"
    uly="75"
    lrx="175"
    lry="178"/>
<!-- contains the first paragraph in italics -->
  <zone
    xml:id="B49rFig1"
    ulx="105"
    uly="76"
    lrx="175"
    lry="160"/>
<!-- contains the figure -->
  <zone
    xml:id="B49rW457"
    ulx="45"
    uly="125"
    lrx="60"
    lry="130"/>
<!-- contains the word "pendans" -->
 </surface>
</facsimile>
The alignment between transcription and image is made, as usual, by means of the facs attribute:
<pb facs="#B49r"/>
<fw>De Geometrie 49</fw>
<head facs="#B49rHead"> DU SON ET ACCORD DES CLOCHES ET <lb/> des alleures des
chevaulx, chariotz &amp; charges, des fontaines:&amp; <lb/> encyclie du monde,
&amp; de la dimension du corps humain.<lb/> Chapitre septiesme</head>
<div n="1">
 <p>Le son &amp; accord des cloches pendans en ung mesme <lb/> axe, est faict en
   contraires parties.</p>
 <p rend="it" facs="#B49rPara2">LEs cloches ont quasi fi<lb/>gures de rondes
   pyra<lb/>mides imperfaictes &amp; <lb/> irregulieres: &amp; leur accord se
 <lb/> fait par reigle geometrique. Com<lb/>me si les deux cloches C &amp; D
 <lb/> sont <w facs="#B49rW457">pendans</w> à ung mesme axe <lb/> ou essieu A B:
   je dis que leur ac<lb/>cord se fera en co<ex>n</ex>traires parties<lb/>
   co<ex>m</ex>me voyez icy figuré. Car qua<ex>n</ex>d <lb/> lune sera en
   hault, laultre declinera embas. Aultrement si elles decli<lb/>nent toutes deux
   ensembles en une mesme partie, elles seront discord, <lb/> &amp; sera leur
   sonnerie mal plaisante à oyr.<figure facs="#B49rFig1">
   <graphic url="Bovelles49r-detail.png"/>
  </figure>
 </p>
</div>
It is also possible to point in the other direction, from a surface or zone to the corresponding text. This is the function of the start attribute, which supplies the identifier of the element containing at least the start of the transcribed text found within the surface or zone concerned. Thus, another way of linking this page with its transcription would be simply
<facsimile>
 <surface start="#PB49R">
  <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
 </surface>
</facsimile>
<text>
 <body>
  <div>
<!-- ... -->
   <pb xml:id="PB49R"/>
   <fw>De Geometrie 49</fw>
<!-- ... -->
  </div>
 </body>
</text>

11.2.2 Embedded Transcription

An embedded transcription is one in which words and other written traces are encoded as subcomponents of elements representing the physical surfaces carrying them rather than independently of them.

The following elements are available for this purpose:
  • sourceDoc contains a transcription or other representation of a single source document potentially forming part of a dossier génétique or collection of sources.
  • surface defines a written surface as a two-dimensional coordinate space, optionally grouping one or more graphic representations of that space, zones of interest within that space, and transcriptions of the writing within them.
  • zone defines any two-dimensional area within a surface element.
  • line contains the transcription of a topographic line in the source document
  • seg (arbitrary segment) represents any segmentation of text below the ‘chunk’ level.

The elements surface, surfaceGrp, and zone were introduced above in section 11.1 Digital Facsimiles When supplied within a sourceDoc element, these elements may contain transcriptions of the written content of a source in addition to or as an alternative to digital images of them. Such transcription may be placed directly within the zone element, or within one or more line elements, for cases where the writing is linear, in the sense that it is composed of discrete tokens organized physically into groups, typically organized in a sequence corresponding with the way they are intended to be read. Depending on the directionality of the writing system used, this might be any combination of top-down and left to right, or vice versa. The element line may be used to hold a complete group of such tokens. Where, however, the lineation is not considered significant, any group of tokens may be indicated using the zone element. The seg element described in section 16.3 Blocks, Segments, and Anchors may also be used to indicate smaller sequences of tokens within zone, or line as appropriate.

Returning to the preceding example, we might transcribe the content of the zone to which we gave the identifier B49rPara2 within a sourceDoc element as follows :

<sourceDoc>
 <surface
   ulx="0"
   uly="0"
   lrx="200"
   lry="300">
  <zone
    ulx="0"
    uly="0"
    lrx="200"
    lry="300">
   <graphic url="Bovelles-49r.png"/>
  </zone>
<!-- ... -->
  <zone
    ulx="28"
    uly="75"
    lrx="175"
    lry="178">
   <line>LEs cloches ont quasi
       fi</line>
   <line>gures de rondes pyra</line>
   <line>mides imperfaictes &
   </line>
   <line> irregulieres: &amp; leur accord se</line>
   <line> fait par reigle geometrique. Com</line>
   <line>me si les deux cloches C
       &amp; D </line>
   <line> sont <zone
      ulx="45"
      uly="125"
      lrx="60"
      lry="130">pendans</zone> à ung mesme axe</line>
   <line> ou essieu A B: je dis que
       leur ac</line>
   <line>cord se fera en cõtraires parties</line>
   <line> cõme
       voyez icy figuré. Car quãd </line>
   <line> lune sera en hault, laultre
       declinera embas. Aultrement si elles declinent toutes deux ensembles en une
       mesme partie, elles seront discord,</line>
   <line> &amp; sera leur sonnerie
       mal plaisante à oyr.</line>
  </zone>
  <zone
    ulx="105"
    uly="76"
    lrx="175"
    lry="160">
   <graphic url="Bovelles49r-detail.png"/>
  </zone>
 </surface>
</sourceDoc>
As mentioned above, some or all of the written surfaces being transcribed may be composed of physically distinct scraps. In the following example, taken from the Walt Whitman Archive, two pieces of newsprint have been glued to a piece of blue paper on which a poem is being drafted:
Single leaf of notes possibly related to the poem eventually titled Sleepers. From the Walt Whitman Archive (Duke 258). Abbildung 11.3. Single leaf of notes possibly related to the poem eventually titled Sleepers. From the Walt Whitman Archive (Duke 258).
The two pieces of newsprint might simply be regarded as special kinds of zone, but they are also new surfaces, since they might contain additional written zones themselves (such as the numbers in this case).
Using these elements, the Whitman draft above might be encoded as follows:
<surface>
 <zone>
  <line>Poem</line>
  <line>As in Visions of — at</line>
  <line>night —</line>
  <line>All sorts of fancies running through</line>
  <line>the head</line>
 </zone>
 <zone>
  <surface type="newsprint" attachment="glue" flipping="false">
   <zone>Spring has just set in here, and the weather.... a steamer </zone>
   <metamark function="sequence">2</metamark>
  </surface>
 </zone>
 <zone>
  <surface type="newsprint" attachment="glue" flipping="false">
   <zone>"The shores on either side of the Sound are... The In- </zone>
   <metamark function="sequence">3</metamark>
  </surface>
 </zone>
</surface>

The metamark element used in this example is further discussed below (11.3.4.2 Metamarks)

Note that in this example we have not included any graphic element corresponding with the zone or surface elements identified in the transcription. The encoder may choose to complement a transcription with graphic representations of its source at whatever level is considered effective, or not at all. Equally, the encoder may choose to provide only graphics without any transcription, to provide only a structured (non-embedded) transcription, or to provide any combination of the three.

This example also lacks any coordinate information to specify either the size of the two newspaper fragments or whereabouts on the parent surface element they are to be found, other than the reading order implicit in their sequence. Such information could be added if desired by specifying a coordinate system on the outermost surface element, and then indicating values within that system for each of the two fragments, as was discussed above. We discuss this in further detail in section 11.4 Advanced uses of Surface and Zone below.

11.3 Scope of Transcriptions

When transcribing a primary source, scholars may wish to record information concerning individual readings of letters, words, or larger units, whether the object is simply a ‘neutral’ transcription or a critical edition. In either case they may also wish to include other editorial material, such as comments on the status or possible origin of particular readings, corrections, or text supplied to fill lacunae.

Such elements may also be used for digital transcriptions in which the object is not to represent a finished text, but rather to represent the creative process, as evidenced by different ‘layers’ or ‘traces’ of writing in one or more documents. Transcriptions of this kind are closely focussed on the physical appearance of specific documents, needing to distinguish the traces of different writing activities on them, such as additions and deletions but also other indications of how the writing is to be read, such as indications of transposition, re-affirmation of writing which has been deleted, and so on. Such distinctions are considered of particular importance when dealing with authorial manuscripts, but are also relevant in the case of historical sources such as charters or other legal documents.

In either case, it is customary in transcriptions to register certain features of the source, such as ornamentation, underlining, deletion, areas of damage and lacunae. This chapter provides ways of encoding such information:

The remainder of this chapter describes a model for encoding such transcriptions, in which elements such as mod, del, etc. are used to mark writing traces and their functions within the document. Each such element can be assigned to one or more editorially-defined modification groups, termed a change, by means of a global change attribute, which references a definition for the modification group concerned, typically provided within the TEI Header creation element; see further 11.7 Changes. The transcription itself may be embedded within the elements surface and zone described in section 11.1 Digital Facsimiles, or provided in parallel within a text element. Within a zone, the transcription may be organized topographically in terms of lines of writing, using the line element, or in terms of further nested zones, or as a combination of the two; see further 11.2.2 Embedded Transcription.

These recommendations are not intended to meet every transcriptional circumstance likely to be faced by any scholar. Rather, they should be regarded as a base which can be elaborated if necessary by different scholars in different disciplines

As a rule, all elements which may be used in the course of a transcription of a single witness may also be used in a critical apparatus, i.e. within the elements proposed in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus. This can generally be achieved by nesting a particular reading containing tagged elements from a particular witness within the rdg element in an app structure.

Just as a critical apparatus may contain transcriptional elements within its record of variant readings in various witnesses, one may record variant readings in an individual witness by use of the apparatus mechanisms app and rdg. This is discussed in section 12.3 Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions.

11.3.1 Altered, Corrected, and Erroneous Texts

In the detailed transcription of any source, it may prove necessary to record various types of actual or potential alteration of the text: expansion of abbreviations, correction of the text (either by author, scribe, or later hand, or by previous or current editors or scholars), addition, deletion, or substitution of material, and similar matters. The sections below describe how such phenomena may be encoded using either elements defined in the core module (defined in chapter 3 Elements Available in All TEI Documents) or specialized elements available only when the module described in this chapter is available.

11.3.1.1 Core elements for Transcriptional Work
In transcribing individual sources of any type, encoders may record corrections, normalizations, expansions of abbreviations, additions, and omissions using the elements described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes. Those particularly relevant to this chapter include:
  • abbr (abbreviation) contains an abbreviation of any sort.
  • add (addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
  • choice groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text.
  • corr (correction) contains the correct form of a passage apparently erroneous in the copy text.
  • del (deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
  • expan (expansion) contains the expansion of an abbreviation.
  • gap (gap) indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible.
  • sic (Latin for thus or so) contains text reproduced although apparently incorrect or inaccurate.
Several of these elements bear additional attributes for specifying who is responsible for the interpretation represented by the markup, and the certainty associated with it. In addition, some of them bear an attribute allowing the markup to be categorized by type and source.
  • att.editLike provides attributes describing the nature of an encoded scholarly intervention or interpretation of any kind.
    evidenceindicates the nature of the evidence supporting the reliability or accuracy of the intervention or interpretation.
    sourcecontains a list of one or more pointers indicating sources supporting the given intervention or interpretation.
  • att.responsibility provides attributes indicating who is responsible for something asserted by the markup and the degree of certainty associated with it.
    cert (certainty) signifies the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation.
    resp (responsible party) indicates the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for example an editor or transcriber.
  • att.typed provides attributes which can be used to classify or subclassify elements in any way.
    typecharacterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology.
    subtypeprovides a sub-categorization of the element, if needed
The specific aspect of the markup described by these attributes differs on different elements; for further discussion, see the relevant sections below, especially section 11.3.2.2 Hand, Responsibility, and Certainty Attributes.

The following sections describe how the core elements just named may be used in the transcription of primary source materials.

11.3.1.2 Abbreviation and Expansion

The writing of manuscripts by hand lends itself to the use of abbreviation to shorten scribal labour. Commonly occurring letters, groups of letters, words, or even whole phrases, may be represented by significant marks. This phenomenon of manuscript abbreviation is so widespread and so various that no taxonomy of it is here attempted. Instead, methods are shown which allow abbreviations to be encoded using the core elements mentioned above.

A manuscript abbreviation may be viewed in two ways. One may transcribe it as a particular sequence of letters or marks upon the page: thus, a ‘p with a bar through the descender’, a ‘superscript hook’, a ‘macron’. One may also interpret the abbreviation in terms of the letter or letters it is seen as standing for: thus, ‘per’, ‘re’, ‘n’. Both of these views are supported by these Guidelines.

In many cases the glyph found in the manuscript source also exists in the Unicode character set: for example the common Latin brevigraph ⁊, standing for et and often known as the ‘Tironian et’ can be directly represented in any XML document as the Unicode character with code point U+204A (see further Character References and vi.1. Language identification). In cases where it does not, these Guidelines recommend use of the g element provided by the gaiji module described in chapter 5 Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs. This module allows the encoder great flexibility both in processing and in documenting non-standard characters or glyphs, including the ability to provide detailed documentation and images for them.

These two methods of coding abbreviation may also be combined. An encoder may record, for any abbreviation, both the sequence of letters or marks which constitutes it, and its sense, that is, the letter or letters for which it is believed to stand. For example, in the following fragment the phrase euery persone is represented by a sequence of abbreviated characters:
Detail from fol. 126v of Bodleian MS Laud Misc 517Abbildung 11.4. Detail from fol. 126v of Bodleian MS Laud Misc 517
These lines may be transcribed directly, using the g element to indicate the two brevigraphs as follows:
eu<g ref="#b-er">er</g>y <g ref="#b-per">per</g>sone that loketh after heuen hath a place in
this ladder
<!-- elsewhere -->
<charDecl>
 <char xml:id="b-er">
<!-- definition for the er brevigraph -->
 </char>
 <char xml:id="b-per">
<!-- definition for the per brevigraph -->
 </char>
</charDecl>
Note that in each case the g element may contain a suggested replacement for the referenced brevigraph; this is purely advisory however, and may not be appropriate in all cases. The referenced character definitions may be located elsewhere in this or some other document, typically forming part of a charDecl element, as described in 5.2 Markup Constructs for Representation of Characters and Glyphs.
The transcriber may also wish to indicate that, because of the presence of these particular characters, the two words are actually abbreviations, by using the abbr element:
<abbr>eu<g ref="#b-er">er</g>y</abbr>
<abbr>
 <g ref="#b-per">per</g>sone
</abbr> ...
Alternatively, the transcriber may choose silently to expand these abbreviations, using the expan element:
<expan>euery</expan>
<expan>persone</expan> ...
And, of course, the choice element can be used to show that one encoding is an alternative for the other:
<choice>
 <abbr>eu<g ref="#b-er">er</g>y</abbr>
 <expan>euery</expan>
</choice>
When abbreviated forms such as these are expanded, two processes are carried out: some characters not present in the abbreviation are added (always), and some characters or glyphs present in the abbreviation are omitted or replaced (often). For example, when the abbreviation Dr. is expanded to Doctor, the dot in the abbreviation is removed, and the letters octo are added. Where detailed markup of abbreviated words is required, these two aspects may be marked up explicitly, using the following elements:
  • ex (editorial expansion) contains a sequence of letters added by an editor or transcriber when expanding an abbreviation.
  • am (abbreviation marker) contains a sequence of letters or signs present in an abbreviation which are omitted or replaced in the expanded form of the abbreviation.
Using these elements, a transcriber may indicate the status of the individual letters or signs within both the abbreviation and the expansion. The am element surrounds characters or signs such as tittles or tildes, used to indicate the presence of an abbreviation, which are typically removed or replaced by other characters in the expanded form of the abbreviation:
<abbr>eu<am>
  <g ref="#b-er"/>
 </am>y</abbr>
<abbr>
 <am>
  <g ref="#b-per"/>
 </am>sone
</abbr> ...
while the ex element may be used to indicate those characters within the expansion which are not present in the abbreviated form.
<expan>eu<ex>er</ex>y</expan>
<expan>
 <ex>per</ex>sone
</expan> ...
The content of the abbr element should usually include the whole of the abbreviated word, while the expan element should include the whole of its expansion. If this is not considered necessary, the am and ex elements may be used within a choice element, as in this example:
eu<choice>
 <am>
  <g ref="#b-er"/>
 </am>
 <ex>er</ex>
</choice>y <choice>
 <am>
  <g ref="#b-per"/>
 </am>
 <ex>per</ex>
</choice>sone ...

As implied in the preceding discussion, making decisions about which of these various methods of representing abbreviation to use will form an important part of an encoder's practice. As a rule, the abbr and am elements should be preferred where it is wished to signify that the content of the element is an abbreviation, without necessarily indicating what the abbreviation may stand for. The ex and expan elements should be used where it is wished to signify that the content of the element is not present in the source but has been supplied by the transcriber, without necessarily indicating the abbreviation used in the original. The decision as to which course of action is appropriate may vary from abbreviation to abbreviation; there is no requirement that the same system be used throughout a transcription, although doing so will generally simplify processing. The choice is likely to be a matter of editorial policy. If the highest priority is to transcribe the text literatim (letter by letter), while indicating the presence of abbreviations, the choice will be to use abbr or am throughout. If the highest priority is to present a reading transcription, while indicating that some letters or words are not actually present in the original, the choice will be to use ex or expan throughout.

Further information may be attached to instances of these elements by the note element, on which see section 3.8 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing, and by use of the resp and cert attributes. In this instance from the English Brut, a note is attached to an editorial expansion of the tail on the final d of good to goode:
For alle the while
that I had good<ex xml:id="exp01">e</ex> I was welbeloued
Then the note:
<note target="#exp01">The stroke added to
the final d could signify the plural ending (-es, -is, -ys>) but the
singular <hi rend="it">goode</hi> was used with the meaning <q>property</q>,
<q>wealth</q>, at this time (v. examples quoted in OED, sb. Good, C. 7, b,
c, d and 8 spec.)</note>
The editor might declare a degree of certainty for this expansion, based on the OED examples, and state the responsibility for the expansion:
For alle the while that I
had good<ex resp="#mp" cert="high">e</ex> I was welbeloued
The value supplied for the resp attribute should point to the name of the editor responsible for this and possibly other interventions; an appropriate element therefore might be a respStmt element in the header like the following:
<respStmt xml:id="mp">
 <resp>Editorial emendations</resp>
 <name>Malcom Parkes</name>
</respStmt>
Observe that the cert and resp attributes are used with the ex element only to indicate confidence in the content of the element (i.e. the expansion), and responsibility for suggesting this expansion respectively.
The choice element may be used to indicate that the proposed expansion is one way of encoding what might equally well be represented as an abbreviation, represented by the hooked D, as follows:
For alle the while that I had
<choice>
 <sic>goo<abbr>ɗ</abbr>
 </sic>
 <expan resp="#mp" cert="high">good<ex>e</ex>
 </expan>
</choice> I was
welbeloued
If it is desired to express aspects of certainty and responsibility for some other aspect of the use of these elements, then the mechanisms discussed in chapter 21 Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility should be used. See also 11.3.2.2 Hand, Responsibility, and Certainty Attributes for discussion of the issues of certainty and responsibility in the context of transcription.

If more than one expansion for the same abbreviation is to be recorded, multiple notes may be supplied. It may also be appropriate to use the markup for critical apparatus; an example is given in section 12.3 Using Apparatus Elements in Transcriptions.

11.3.1.3 Correction and Conjecture
The sic, corr, and choice elements, defined in the core module should be used to indicate passages deemed in need of correction, or actually corrected, during the transcription of a source. For example, in the manuscript of William James's A Pluralistic Universe as edited by Fredson Bowers (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), a sentence first written

One must have lived longer with this system, to appreciate its advantages.

has been modified by James to begin ‘But One must ...’, without the inital capital O having been reduced to lowercase. This non-standard orthography could be recorded thus:
But <sic>One</sic> must have lived
...
or corrected:
But
<corr>one</corr> must have lived ...
or the two possibilities might be represented as a choice:
But
<choice>
 <sic>One</sic>
 <corr>one</corr>
</choice> must have lived
...
Similarly, in this example from Albertus Magnus, both a manuscript error angues and its correction augens are registered within a choice element:
Nos autem iam
ostendimus quod nutrimentum et
<choice>
 <sic>angues</sic>
 <corr>augens</corr>
</choice>.

Note that the corr element is used to provide a corrected form which is not present in the source; in the case of a correction made in the source itself, whether scribal, authorial, or by some other hand, the add, del, and subst elements described in 11.3.1.4 Additions and Deletions should be used.

The sic element is used to mark passages considered by the transcriber to be erroneous; in such cases, the corr element indicates the transcriber's correction of them. Where the transcriber considers that one or more words have been erroneously omitted in the original source and corrects this omission, the supplied element discussed in 11.3.1.7 Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription should be used in preference to corr. Thus, in the following example, from George Moore's draft of additional materials for Memoirs of My Dead Life, the transcriber supplies the word we omitted by the author:
You see that I avoid
the word create for we create nothing <supplied>we</supplied> develope.

As with expan and abbr, the choice as to whether to record simply that there is an apparent error, or simply that a correction has been applied, or to record both possible readings within a choice element is left to the encoder. The decision is likely to be a matter of editorial policy, which might be applied consistently throughout or decided case by case. If the highest priority is to present an uncorrected transcription while noting perceived errors in the original, the choice will typically be to use only sic throughout. If the highest priority is to present a reading transcription, while indicating that perceived errors in the original have been corrected, the choice will be to use only corr throughout.

Further information may be attached to instances of these elements by the note element and resp and cert attributes. Instances of these elements may also be classified according to any convenient typology using the type attribute.

For example, consider the following encoding of an emendation in the Hengwrt manuscript proposed by E. Talbot Donaldson:
Telle me also, to what conclusioun Were
membres maad, of generacioun And of so parfit wis a <choice xml:id="corr117">
 <sic>wight</sic>
 <corr>wright</corr>
</choice> ywroght?
<!-- ... -->
<note target="#corr117">This emendation of the Hengwrt copy text, based on a Latin
source and on the reading of three late and usually unauthoritative
manuscripts, was proposed by E. Talbot Donaldson in
<bibl>
  <title>Speculum</title> 40 (1965) 626–33.</bibl>
</note>
The note element discussed in 3.8 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing may be used to give a more detailed discussion of the motivation for or scope of a correction. If linked by means of a pointer (as in this example) it may be located anywhere convenient within the transcription; typically all detailed notes will be collected together in a separate div element in the back. Alternatively, the pointer may be omitted, and the note placed immediately adjacent to the element being annotated. The advantage of the former solution is that it permits the same annotation to refer to several corrections, by supplying more than one pointer in the target attribute of the note, as shown in the example below.
The attribute cert may be used to indicate the degree of confidence ascribed by the encoder to the proposed emendation on a broad scale: high, medium, or low. The attribute resp is used to indicate who is responsible for the proposed emendation. Its value is a pointer, which will typically indicate a respStmt or name element in the header of the transcribed document, but can point anywhere, for example to some online authority file. Using these two attributes, the corr element presented above might usefully be enhanced as follows:

<!-- somewhere in the header ... --><name xml:id="ETD">E Talbot Donaldson</name>
<!-- ... --> And of so parfit wis a <choice>
 <sic>wight</sic>
 <corr resp="#ETD" cert="medium">wright</corr>
</choice> ywroght?
As remarked above, where the same annotation applies to several corrections, this may be represented by supplying multiple pointers on the note. Consider for example such corrections as the following, in Dudo of S. Quentin. Parkes cites two cases in this manuscript of the same phenomenon:
quamuis <choice xml:id="sic-1">
 <sic>mens</sic>
 <corr>iners</corr>
</choice> que nutu dei gesta
sunt ... unde esset uiriliter
<choice xml:id="sic-2">
 <corr>uegetata</corr>
 <sic>negata</sic>
</choice>
which may be described as follows:
<note target="#sic-1 #sic-2">Substitution of a more familiar word which resembles
graphically what the scribe should be copying but which does not make sense in
the context.</note>
The target attribute on the note element indicates the choice elements which exemplify this kind of scribal error. This necessitates the addition of an identifier to each choice element. However, if the number of corrections is large and the number of notes is small, it may well be both more practical and more appropriate to regard the collection of annotations as constituting a typology and then use the type attribute. Suppose that the note given above is one of half a dozen possible kinds of corrected phenomena identified in a given text; others might include, say, ‘repetition of a word from the preceding line’, etc. The type attribute on the corr element can be used to specify an arbitrary code for the particular kind of correction (or other editorial intervention) identified within it. This code can be chosen freely and is not treated as a pointer.
quamuis <choice>
 <sic>mens</sic>
 <corr type="graphSubs">iners</corr>
</choice> que nutu dei gesta sunt ... unde
esset uiriliter
<choice>
 <corr type="graphSubs">uegetata</corr>
 <sic>negata</sic>
</choice>
Note that this encoding might be extended to include a range of possible corrections:
quamuis <choice>
 <sic>mens</sic>
 <corr type="graphSubs">iners</corr>
 <corr type="reversal">inres</corr>
</choice> que
nutu dei gesta sunt ...
In addition, the conscientious encoder will provide documentation explaining the circumstances in which particular codes are judged appropriate. A suitable location for this might be within the correction element of the encodingDesc of the header, which might include a list such as the following:
<correction>
 <p>The following codes are used to categorize corrections identified in this
   transcription: <list type="gloss">
   <label>graphSubs</label>
   <item>Substitution of a more familiar word which resembles graphically
       what the scribe should be copying but which does not make sense in the
       context.</item>
<!-- ... -->
  </list>
 </p>
</correction>
A subtype attribute may be used in conjunction with the type for subclassification purposes: the above examples might thus be represented as <choice type="substitution" subtype="graphicResemblance"> for example.

For a given project, it may well be desirable to limit the possible values for the type or subtype attributes automatically. This is easily done but requires customization of the TEI system using techniques described in 23.2 Personalization and Customization, in particular 23.2.1.4 Modification of Attribute and Attribute Value Lists, which should be consulted for further information on this topic.

When making a correction in a source which forms part of a textual tradition attested by many witnesses, a textual editor will sometimes use a reading from one witness to correct the reading of the source text. In the general case, such encoding is best achieved with the mechanisms provided by the module for textual criticism described in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus. However, for simple cases, the source attribute of the corr attribute may suffice. In the passage from Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Tale mentioned above, Parkes proposes to emend the problematic word wight to wyf which is the reading found in the Cambridge manuscript Gg.1. 27. This may be simply represented as follows:
And of so
parfit wis a <choice>
 <sic>wight</sic>
 <corr resp="#mp" source="#Gg">wyf</corr>
</choice> ywroght?
The value of the source attribute here is, like the value of the resp attribute, a pointer, in this case indicating the manuscript used as a witness. Elsewhere in the transcribed text, a list of witnesses used in this text will be given, one of which has an identifier Gg. Each witness will be represented either by a witness element (see 12.1 The Apparatus Entry, Readings, and Witnesses) or more fully by a msDesc element (see 10 Manuscript Description) :
<msDesc xml:id="Gg">
 <msIdentifier>
  <settlement>Cambridge</settlement>
  <repository>University Library</repository>
  <idno>Gg.1. 27</idno>
 </msIdentifier>
<!-- further description of the manuscript here -->
</msDesc>
The app element described in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus provides a more powerful way of representing all three possible readings in parallel:
And of so parfit wis a <app>
 <rdg wit="#Hg">wight</rdg>
 <rdg wit="#Ln #Ry2 #Ld">wright</rdg>
 <rdg wit="#Gg">wyf</rdg>
</app>
This encoding simply records the three readings found in the various traditions, and gives (by means of the wit attribute) an indication of the witnesses supporting each. If the resp attribute were supplied on the rdg element, it would indicate the person responsible for asserting that the manuscript indicated has this reading, who is not necessarily the same as the person responsible for asserting that this reading should be used to correct the others. Editorial intervention elements such as corr can however be nested within a rdg to provide this additional information:
And of so parfit wis a <app>
 <rdg wit="#Hg">wight</rdg>
 <rdg wit="#Ln #Ry2 #Ld">
  <corr resp="#ETD">wright</corr>
 </rdg>
 <rdg wit="#Gg">
  <corr resp="#mp">wyf</corr>
 </rdg>
</app>
This encoding asserts that the reading wyf found in Gg is regarded as a correction by Parkes.

Like the resp attribute, the cert attribute may be used with both corr and rdg elements. When used on the rdg element, these attributes indicate confidence in and responsibility for identifying the reading within the sources specified; when used on the corr element they indicate confidence in and responsibility for the use of the reading to correct the base text. If no other source is indicated (either by the source attribute, or by the wit attribute of a parent rdg), the reading supplied within a corr has been provided by the person indicated by the resp attribute.

If it is desired to express certainty of or responsibility for some other aspect of the use of these elements, then the mechanisms discussed in chapter 21 Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility may be found useful. See also 11.3.2.2 Hand, Responsibility, and Certainty Attributes for further discussion of the issues of certainty and responsibility in the context of transcription.

11.3.1.4 Additions and Deletions
Additions and deletions observed in a source text may be described using the following elements:
  • add (addition) contains letters, words, or phrases inserted in the text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
  • addSpan/ (added span of text) marks the beginning of a longer sequence of text added by an author, scribe, annotator or corrector (see also add).
  • del (deletion) contains a letter, word, or passage deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
  • delSpan/ (deleted span of text) marks the beginning of a longer sequence of text deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise signaled as superfluous or spurious by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
Of these, add and del are included in the core module, while addSpan and delSpan are available only when using the module defined in this chapter. These particular elements are members of the att.spanning class, from which they inherit the following attribute:
  • att.spanning provides attributes for elements which delimit a span of text by pointing mechanisms rather than by enclosing it.
    spanToindicates the end of a span initiated by the element bearing this attribute.
Further characteristics of each addition and deletion, such as the hand used, its effect (complete or incomplete, for example), or its position in a sequence of such operations may conveniently be recorded as attributes of these elements, all of which are members of the att.transcriptional class:
  • att.transcriptional provides attributes specific to elements encoding authorial or scribal intervention in a text when transcribing manuscript or similar sources.
    seq (sequence) assigns a sequence number related to the order in which the encoded features carrying this attribute are believed to have occurred.
    statusindicates the effect of the intervention, for example in the case of a deletion, strikeouts which include too much or too little text, or in the case of an addition, an insertion which duplicates some of the text already present.
    handsignifies the hand of the agent which made the intervention.
As described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes, the add element is used to record any manuscript addition observed in the text, whether it is considered to be authorial or scribal. In the autograph manuscript of Max Beerbohm's The Golden Drugget, the author's addition of do ever may be recorded as follows, with the hand attribute indicating that the addition was Beerbohm's by referencing a handNote element defined elsewhere in the document (see further 11.3.2.1 Document Hands):
Some things are best
at first sight. Others — and here is one of them — <add hand="#mb">do ever</add>
improve by recognition ....
<handNote xml:id="mb">Max Beerbohm
holograph</handNote>
The del element is used to record manuscript deletions in a similar way. In the autograph manuscript of D. H. Lawrence's Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani the author's deletion of my may be recorded as follows. In this case, the hand attribute indicating that the deletion was Lawrence's is complemented by a rend attribute indicating that the deletion was by strike-through:
For I hate this <del rend="strikethrough" hand="#dhl">my</del> body, which is so dear to me ...

<handNote xml:id="dhl">D H Lawrence holograph</handNote>

If deletions are classified systematically, the type attribute may be useful to indicate the classification; when they are classified by the manner in which they were effected, or by their appearance, however, this will lead to a certain arbitrariness in deciding whether to use the type or the rend attribute to hold the information. In general, it is recommended that the rend attribute be used for description of the appearance or method of deletion, and that the type attribute be reserved for higher level or more abstract classifications.

The place attribute is also available to indicate the location of an addition. For example, consider the following passage from a draft letter by Robert Graves:
Draft letter from Robert Graves to Desmond Flower, 17 Dec 1938 (detail). Abbildung 11.5. Draft letter from Robert Graves to Desmond Flower, 17 Dec 1938 (detail).
At the end of this extract, the writer inserts the word ‘cant,’ above the line, with a stroke to indicate insertion. Assuming that we have previously defined the identifier RG somewhere:
<listPerson>
 <person xml:id="RG">
<!-- information about Robert Graves here -->
 </person>
</listPerson>
, this extract might now be encoded as follows:
The O.E.D. is not a
dictionary so much as a corpus of precedents <del hand="#RG">in the</del>:
current, obsolete, <add hand="#RG" place="above">cant,</add> cataphretic and
nonce-words are all included.
A little earlier in the same extract, Graves writes ‘for an abridgement’ above the line, and then deletes it. This may be encoded similarly:
As for 'significant artist.' You quote the O.E.D <del>
 <add hand="#RG" place="above">for an
   abridgement</add>
</del> in explanation...
Similarly, in the margin, the word ‘Norton’ has been added and then deleted:
You
quote the <del>
 <add hand="#RG" place="margin">Norton</add>
</del> O.E.D...
The word ‘O.E.D.’ in this first sentence has also clearly been the result of some redrafting: it may be that Graves started to write ‘Oxford’, and then changed it; it may be that he inserted other punctuation marks between the letters before replacing them with the centre dots used elsewhere to represent this acronym. We do not deal with these possibilities here, and mention them only to indicate that any encoding of manuscript material of this complexity will need to make decisions about what is and is not worth mentioning.
An encoder may also wish to indicate that an addition replaces a specific deletion, that is to encode a substitution as a single intervention in the text. This may be achieved by grouping the addition and deletion together within a subst element. At the end of the passage illustrated above, Graves first writes ‘It is the expressed...’, then deletes ‘It is’, and substitutes an uppercase T at the start of ‘the’.
... are all included. <del hand="#RG">It is</del>
<subst>
 <add>T</add>
 <del>t</del>
</subst>he expressed
The use of this element and of the seq attribute to indicate the order in which interventions such as deletions are believed to have occurred are further discussed in section 11.3.1.5 Substitutions below.

The add and del elements defined in the core module suffice only for the description of additions and deletions which fit within the structure of the text being transcribed, that is, which each deletion or addition is completely contained by the structural element (paragraph, line, division) within which it occurs. Where this is not the case, for example because an individual addition or deletion involves several distinct structural subdivisions, such as poems or prose items, or otherwise crosses a structural boundary in the text being encoded, special treatment is needed. The addSpan and delSpan elements are provided by this module for that purpose. (For a general discussion of the issue see further 20 Non-hierarchical Structures).

In this example of the use of addSpan, the insertion by Helgi Ólafsson of a gathering containing four neo-Eddic poems into Lbs 1562 4to is recorded as follows. A handNote element is first declared, within the header of the document, to associate the identifier heol with Helgi. Each of the added poems is encoded as a distinct div element. In the body of the text, an addSpan element is placed to mark the beginning of the span of added text, and an anchor is used to mark its end. The hand attribute on the addSpan element ascribes responsibility for the addition to the manuscript to Helgi, and the spanTo attribute points to the end of the added text:
<handNote xml:id="heol" scribe="HelgiÓlafsson"/>
<!-- ... -->
<body>
 <div>
<!-- text here -->
 </div>
 <addSpan n="added gathering" hand="#heol" spanTo="#p025"/>
 <div>
<!-- text of first added poem here -->
 </div>
 <div>
<!-- text of second added poem here -->
 </div>
 <div>
<!-- text of third added poem here -->
 </div>
 <div>
<!-- text of fourth added poem here -->
 </div>
 <anchor xml:id="p025"/>
 <div>
<!-- more text here -->
 </div>
</body>
The delSpan element is used in the same way. An authorial manuscript will often contain several occasions where sequences of whole lines are marked for deletion, either by boxes or by being struck out. If the encoder is marking up individual verse lines with the l element, such deletions are problematic: deletion of two consecutive lines should be regarded as a single deletion, but the del element must be properly nested within a single l element. The delSpan element solves this problem:
<l>Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,</l>
<delSpan spanTo="#EPdelEnd" resp="#EP" rend="strikethrough"/>
<l>To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the time,</l>
<l>With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.</l>
<anchor xml:id="EPdelEnd"/>
<l>There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying "Stetson!</l>...
It is also often the case that deletions and additions may themselves contain other deletions and additions. For example, in Thomas Moore's autograph of the second version of Lalla Rookh two lines are marked for omission by vertical strike-through. Within the first of the two lines, the word upon has also been struck out, and the word over has been added:
<l>
 <delSpan rend="verticalStrike" spanTo="#delend01"/> Tis moonlight
<del>upon</del>
 <add>over</add> Oman's sky
</l>
<l>Her isles of pearl look lovelily<anchor xml:id="delend01"/>
</l>
In this case the anchor and delSpan have been placed within the structural elements (the ls) rather than between, as in the previous example. This is to indicate that placement of these empty elements is arbitrary.

The text deleted must be at least partially legible, in order for the encoder to be able to transcribe it. If all of part of it is not legible, the gap element should be used to indicate where text has not been transcribed, because it could not be. The unclear element described in section 11.3.3.1 Damage, Illegibility, and Supplied Text may be used to indicate areas of text which cannot be read with confidence. See further section 11.3.1.7 Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription and section 11.3.3.1 Damage, Illegibility, and Supplied Text.

11.3.1.5 Substitutions

Substitution of one word or phrase for another is perhaps the most common of all phenomena requiring special treatment in transcription of primary textual sources. It may be simply one word written over the top of another, or deletion of one word and its replacement by another written above it by the same hand on the same occasion; the deletion and replacement may be done by different hands at different times; there may be a long chain of substitutions on the same stretch of text, with uncertainty as to the order of substitution and as to which of many possible readings should be preferred.

As we have shown, the simplest method of recording a substitution is simply to record both the addition and the deletion. However, when the module defined by this chapter is in use, additional elements are available to indicate that the encoder believes the addition and the deletion to be part of the same intervention: a substitution.
  • subst (substitution) groups one or more deletions with one or more additions when the combination is to be regarded as a single intervention in the text.
  • substJoin (substitution join) identifies a series of possibly fragmented additions, deletions or other revisions on a manuscript that combine to make up a single intervention in the text
Using the subst element, the example at the end of the last section might be encoded as follows:
<l>
 <delSpan rend="verticalStrike" spanTo="#delend02"/> Tis moonlight
<subst>
  <del>upon</del>
  <add>over</add>
 </subst> Oman's sky
</l>
<l>Her isles of pearl look lovelily<anchor xml:id="delend02"/>
</l>
Since the purpose of this element is solely to group its child elements together, the order in which they are presented is not significant. When both deletion and addition are present, it may not always be clear which occurs first: using the seq attribute is a simple way of resolving any such ambiguities.
For example, returning to the example from William James, in a passage first written out by James as ‘One must have lived longer with this system, to appreciate its advantages’, the word this is first replaced by such a and this is then replaced by a.39 This may be encoded as follows, representing the two changes as a sequence of additions and deletions:
One must have lived longer
with <subst>
 <del seq="1">this</del>
 <del seq="2">
  <add seq="1">such a</add>
 </del>
 <add seq="2">a</add>
</subst> system, to appreciate its advantages.
Note the nesting of an add element within a del to record text first added, then deleted in the source. The numbers assigned by the seq attribute may be used to identify the order in which the various additions and deletions are believed by the encoder to have been carried out, and thus provide a simple method of supporting the kind of ‘genetic’ textual criticism typified by (for example) Hans Walter Gabler's work on the reconstruction of the ‘overlay’ levels implicit in the manuscripts of James Joyce's Ulysses. A fuller and more complex way of supporting such an approach is discussed in 11.7 Changes.
The case of a single substitution or scribal correction that involves non-contiguous addition and deletion can be handled by using the substJoin element to make an explicit connection between one or more add and del elements. For example, in the following example from Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh, the metrical structure of the verse means that the deleted word and its substitution are in different positions, and so a subst element would be invalid because of the intervening text:
While <del xml:id="change1">pondering</del> thus <add xml:id="change2">she mus'd</add>,
her pinions fann'd
<substJoin target="#change1 #change2"/>
As a more complex example, consider the following passage:
Detail from autograph manuscript in the English Faculty Library, Oxford University. Abbildung 11.6. Detail from Dulce et decorum est autograph manuscript in the English Faculty Library, Oxford University.
This passage might be encoded as follows:
<l>And towards our distant rest began to trudge,</l>
<l>
 <subst>
  <del>Helping the worst amongst us</del>
  <add>Dragging the worst amongt
     us</add>
 </subst>, who'd no boots
</l>
<l>But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; <subst>
  <del status="shortEnd">half-</del>
  <add>all</add>
 </subst> blind;</l>
<l>Drunk with fatigue ; deaf even to the hoots</l>
<l>Of tired, outstripped <del>fif</del> five-nines that dropped
behind.</l>
In this representation,
  • the authorial slip (amongt for amongst) is retained without comment.
  • the other two authorial corrections are marked as substitutions, each combining a deletion and an addition.
  • the false start fif in the last line is simply marked as a deletion;
The app element presented in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus provides similar facilities, by treating each state of the text as a distinct reading. The rdg element has a varSeq attribute which may be used in the same way as the seq attribute to indicate the preferred sequence. The James example above might thus be represented as follows:
One must have lived longer with <app>
 <rdg varSeq="1">
  <del>this</del>
 </rdg>
 <rdg varSeq="2">
  <del>
   <add>such a</add>
  </del>
 </rdg>
 <rdg varSeq="3">
  <add>a</add>
 </rdg>
</app> system, to appreciate its advantages.
11.3.1.6 Cancellation of Deletions and Other Markings
An author or scribe may mark a word or phrase in some way, and then on reflection decide to cancel the marking. For example, text may be marked for deletion and the deletion then cancelled, thus restoring the deleted text. Such cancellation may be indicated by the restore element:
  • restore indicates restoration of text to an earlier state by cancellation of an editorial or authorial marking or instruction.

This element bears the same attributes as the other transcriptional elements. These may be used to supply further information such as the hand in which the restoration is carried out, the type of restoration, and the person responsible for identifying the restoration as such, in the same way as elsewhere.

Presume that Lawrence decided to restore my to the phrase of Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani first written ‘For I hate this my body’, with the my first deleted then restored by writing ‘stet’ in the margin. This may be encoded:
For I hate this <restore hand="#dhl" type="marginalStetNote">
 <del>my</del>
</restore> body

Another feature commonly encountered in manuscripts is the use of circles, lines, or arrows to indicate transposition of material from one point in the text to another. No specific markup for this phenomenon is proposed at this time. Such cases are most simply encoded as additions at the point of insertion and deletions at the point of encirclement or other marking.

11.3.1.7 Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription
Where text is not transcribed, whether because of damage to the original, or because it is illegible, or for some other reason such as editorial policy, the gap core element may be used to register the omission; where such text is transcribed, but the editor wishes to indicate that they consider it to be superfluous, for example because it is an inadvertent scribal repetition, the surplus element may be used in preference. Where text not present in the source is supplied (whether conjecturally or from other witnesses) to fill an apparent gap in the text, the supplied element may be used.
  • gap (gap) indicates a point where material has been omitted in a transcription, whether for editorial reasons described in the TEI header, as part of sampling practice, or because the material is illegible, invisible, or inaudible.
    reasongives the reason for omission. Sample values include sampling, inaudible, irrelevant, cancelled.
    handin the case of text omitted from the transcription because of deliberate deletion by an identifiable hand, signifies the hand which made the deletion.
    agentIn the case of text omitted because of damage, categorizes the cause of the damage, if it can be identified.
  • surplus marks text present in the source which the editor believes to be superfluous or redundant.
    reasonindicates the grounds for believing this text to be superfluous.
  • supplied signifies text supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason, typically because the original cannot be read because of physical damage or loss to the original.
    reasonindicates why the text has had to be supplied.
By its nature, the gap element has no content. It marks a point in the text where nothing at all can be read, whether because of authorial or scribal erasure, physical damage, or any other form of illegibility. Its attributes allow the encoder to specify the amount of text which is illegible in this way at this point, using any convenient units, where this can be determined. For example, in the Beerbohm manuscript of The Golden Drugget cited above, the author has erased a passage amounting about 10 cm in length by inking over it completely:
Others <gap
  reason="cancelled"
  hand="#mb"
  quantity="10"
  unit="cm"/>—and here is one of
them...
In an autograph letter of Sydney Smith now in the Pierpont Morgan library three words in the signature are quite illegible:
I am dr Sr yr <gap reason="illegible" quantity="3" unit="word"/>Sydney Smith
The degree of precision attempted when measuring the size of a gap will vary with the purpose of the encoding and the nature of the material: no particular recommendation is made here.

As noted above, the gap element should only be used where text has not been transcribed. If partially legible text has been transcribed, one of the elements damage and unclear should be used instead (these elements are described in section 11.3.3.1 Damage, Illegibility, and Supplied Text); if the text is legible and has been transcribed, but the editor wishes to indicate that they regard it is superfluous or redundant, then the element surplus may be used in preference to the core element sic used to indicate text regarded as erroneous.

Amongst the many examples cited in Hans Krummrey & Silvio Panciera's classic text on the editing of epigraphic inscriptions is the following. In a late classical inscription, the form ‘dedikararunt’ is encountered. The editor may choose any of the following three possibilities:
  • mark this as an erroneous form
    <sic>dedikararunt</sic>
  • additionally supply a corrected form
    <choice>
     <sic>dedikararunt</sic>
     <corr>dedikarunt</corr>
    </choice>
  • indicate that the erroneous form contains surplus characters which the editor wishes to suppress
    dedika<surplus>ra</surplus>runt
The surplus element may also be used to mark up interpolations, as in the following example taken from a 13th century Italian source:
<l n="4">a darmi morte, poi m'avete preso <surplus reason="interpolated">a
   tradimento</surplus>
</l>
<l n="5">sì com' l'uccellator prende l'uccello</l>
<gap/>
<l n="43">e lettere dintorno che diriano <surplus reason="interpolated">in questa
   guisa</surplus>
</l>
<l n="44">Più v'amo, dëa, che non faccio Deo</l>
The words marked as surplus here are metrically inconsistent with the rest and have been marked by the editor as such.
If some part of the source text is completely illegible or missing, an encoder may sometimes wish to supply new (conjectural) material to replace it. This conjectural reading is analogous to a correction in that it contains text provided by the encoder and not attested in the source. This is not however a correction, since no error is necessarily present in the original; for that reason a different element supplied should be used. If another (imaginary) copy of the letter above preserved the signature as reading ‘I am dear Sir your very humble Servt Sydney Smith’, the text illegible in the autograph might be supplied in the transcription:
I am dr Sr yr
<supplied reason="illegible" resp="#msm" source="#Ry2">very humble
Servt</supplied> Sydney Smith
Here the source and resp attributes are used, as elsewhere, to indicate respectively the sigil of a manuscript from which the supplied reading has been taken, and the identifier of the person responsible for deciding to supply the text. If the source attribute is not supplied, the implication is that the encoder (or whoever is indicated by the value of the resp attribute) has supplied the missing reading. Both gap and supplied may be used in combination with unclear, damage, and other elements; for discussion, see section 11.3.3.2 Use of the gap, del, damage, unclear, and supplied Elements in Combination.

11.3.2 Hands and Responsibility

This section discusses in more detail the representation of aspects of responsibility perceived or to be recorded for the writing of a primary source. These include points at which one scribe takes over from another, or at which ink, pen, or other characteristics of the writing change. A discussion of the usage of the hand, resp, and cert attributes is also included.

11.3.2.1 Document Hands

For many text-critical purposes it is important to signal the person responsible (the hand) for the writing of a whole document, a stretch of text within a document, or a particular feature within the document. A hand, as the name suggests, need not necessarily be identified with a particular known (or unknown) scribe or author; it may simply indicate a particular combination of writing features recognized within one or more documents. The examples given above of the use of the hand attribute with coding of additions and deletions illustrate this.

The handNote element is used to provide information about each hand distinguished within the encoded document.
  • handNote (note on hand) describes a particular style or hand distinguished within a manuscript.

A handNote element, with an identifier given by its xml:id attribute, may appear in either of two places in the TEI Header, depending on which modules are included in a schema. When the transcr module defined by the present chapter is used, the element handNotes is available, within the profileDesc element of the Header, to hold one or more handNote elements. When the msdescription module defined in chapter 10 Manuscript Description is included, the handDesc element described in 10.7.2 Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations also becomes available as part of a structured manuscript description. The encoder may choose to place handNote elements identifying individual hands in either location without affecting their accessibility since the element is always addressed by means of its xml:id attribute. The handDesc element may be more appropriate when a full cataloguing of each manuscript is required; the handNotes element if only a brief characterization of each hand is needed. It is also possible to use the two elements together if, for example, the handDesc element contains a single summary describing all the hands discursively, while the handNotes element gives specific details of each. The choice will depend on individual encoders' priorities.

As shown above, the hand attribute is available on several elements to indicate the hand in which the content of the element (usually a deletion or addition) is carried out. The handShift element may also be used within the body of a transcription to indicate where a change of hand is detected for whatever reason.
  • handShift/ marks the beginning of a sequence of text written in a new hand, or the beginning of a scribal stint.
Both handShift and handNote are members of the att.handFeatures class, and thus share the following attributes:
  • att.handFeatures provides attributes describing aspects of the hand in which a manuscript is written.
    scribegives a name or other identifier for the scribe believed to be responsible for this hand.
    scriptcharacterizes the particular script or writing style used by this hand, for example secretary, copperplate, Chancery, Italian, etc.
    scribeRefpoints to a full description of the scribe concerned, typically supplied by a person element elsewhere in the description.
    scriptRefpoints to a full description of the script or writing style used by this hand, typically supplied by a scriptNote element elsewhere in the description.
    mediumdescribes the tint or type of ink, e.g. brown, or other writing medium, e.g. pencil
    scopespecifies how widely this hand is used in the manuscript.

A single hand may employ different writing styles and inks within a document, or may change character. For example, the writing style might shift from ‘anglicana’ to ‘secretary’, or the ink from blue to brown, or the character of the hand may change. Simple changes of this kind may be indicated by assigning a new value to the appropriate attribute within the handShift element. It is for the encoder to decide whether a change in these properties of the writing style is so marked as to require treatment as a distinct hand.

Where such a change is to be identified, the new attribute indicates the hand applicable to the material following the handShift. The sequence of such handShift elements will often, but not necessarily, correspond with the order in which the material was originally written. Where this is not the case, the facilities described in section 11.7 Changes may be found helpful.

As might be expected, a single hand may also vary renditions within the same writing style, for example medieval scribes often indicate a structural division by emboldening all the words within a line. Such changes should be indicated by use of the rend attribute, in the same manner as underlining, emboldening, font shifts, etc. are represented in transcription of a printed text, rather than by introducing a new handShift element.

In the following example there is a change of ink within a single hand. This is simply indicated by a new value for the medium attribute on the handShift element:
<l>When wolde the cat dwelle in his ynne</l>
<handShift medium="greenish-ink"/>
<l>And if the cattes skynne be slyk <handShift medium="black-ink"/> and
gaye</l>
In the following example, the encoder has identified two distinct hands within the document and given them identifiers h1 and h2, by means of the following declarations included in the document's TEI Header:
<handNotes>
 <handNote xml:id="h1" script="copperplate" medium="brown-ink">Carefully written
   with regular descenders</handNote>
 <handNote xml:id="h2" script="print" medium="pencil">Unschooled
   scrawl</handNote>
</handNotes>
Then the change of hand is indicated in the text:
<handShift new="#h1" resp="#das"/>... and that good Order Decency and regular worship may be once
more introduced and Established in this Parish according to the Rules and
Ceremonies of the Church of England and as under a good Consciencious and sober
Curate there would and ought to be <handShift new="#h2" resp="#das"/> and for that
purpose the parishioners pray

When a more precise or nuanced discussion of the writing in a manuscript is required, the handNote and scriptNote elements discussed in 10.7.2 Writing, Decoration, and Other Notations should be used. Either element may serve as the target for a handShift.

11.3.2.2 Hand, Responsibility, and Certainty Attributes
The hand and resp attributes have similar, but not identical, meanings. Observe their distinctive uses in the following encoding of the William James passage mentioned above in section 11.3.1.3 Correction and Conjecture. In this example, the But inserted by James is tagged as an add, and the consequent editorial correction of One to one treated separately:
<add place="above" resp="#FB" hand="#WJ">But</add>
<choice>
 <sic>One</sic>
 <corr resp="#FB">one</corr>
</choice> must have lived ...
<!-- elsewhere -->
<respStmt xml:id="FB">
 <resp>editorial changes</resp>
 <name>Fredson Bowers</name>
</respStmt>
<respStmt xml:id="WJ">
 <resp>authorial changes</resp>
 <name>William James</name>
</respStmt>
As in this example, hand should be reserved for indicating the hand of any form of marking—here, addition but also deletion, correction, annotation, underlining, etc.—within the primary text being transcribed. The scribal or authorial responsibility for this marking may be inferred from the value of the hand attribute. The value of the hand attribute should be a pointer to a hand identifiers typically declared in the document header but potentially in another document or repository (see section 11.3.2.1 Document Hands).

The resp attribute, by contrast, indicates the person responsible for deciding to mark up this part of the text with this particular element. In the case of the add element, for example, the resp attribute will indicate the responsibility for identifying that the addition is indeed an addition, and also (if the hand attribute is supplied) to which hand it should be attributed. In this case, Bowers is credited with identifying the hand as that of William James. In the case of the corr element, the resp attribute indicates who is responsible for supplying the intellectual content of the correction reported in the transcription: here, Bowers' correction of ‘One’ to ‘one’. In the case of a deletion, the resp attribute will similarly indicate who bears responsibility for identifying or categorizing the deletion itself, while other attributes (hand most obviously) attribute responsibility for the deletion itself.

In cases where both the resp and cert attributes are defined for a particular element, the two attributes refer to the same aspect of the markup. The one indicates who is intellectually responsible for some item of information, the other indicates the degree of confidence in the information. Thus, for a correction, the resp attribute signifies the person responsible for supplying the correction, while the cert attribute signifies the degree of editorial confidence felt in that correction. For the expansion of an abbreviation, the resp attribute signifies the person responsible for supplying the expansion and the cert attribute signifies the degree of editorial confidence felt in the expansion.

This close definition of the use of the resp and cert attributes with each element is intended to provide for the most frequent circumstances in which encoders might wish to make unambiguous statements regarding the responsibility for and certainty of aspects of their encoding. The resp and cert attributes, as so defined, give a convenient mechanism for this. However, there will be cases where it is desirable to state responsibility for and certainty concerning other aspects of the encoding. For example, one may wish in the case of an apparent addition to state the responsibility for the use of the add element, rather than the responsibility for identifying the hand of the addition. It may also be that one editor may make an electronic transcription of another editor's printed transcription of a manuscript text—here, one will wish to assign layers of responsibility, so as to allow the reader to determine exactly what in the final transcription was the responsibility of each editor. In these complex cases of divided editorial responsibility for and certainty concerning the content, attributes, and application of a particular element, the more general mechanisms for representing certainty and responsibility described in chapter 21 Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility should be used.

It should be noted that the certainty and responsibility mechanisms described in chapter 21 Certainty, Precision, and Responsibility replicate all the functions of the resp and cert attributes on particular elements. For example, the encoding of Donaldson's conjectured emendation of wight to wright in line 117 of Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue (see 11.3.1.3 Correction and Conjecture) may be encoded as follows using the resp and cert attributes on the corr element:
<choice>
 <sic>wight</sic>
 <corr resp="#ETD" cert="medium">wright</corr>
</choice>
Exactly the same information could be conveyed using the certainty and responsibility mechanisms, as follows:
<choice>
 <corr xml:id="c117">wright</corr>
 <sic>wight</sic>
</choice>
<certainty target="#c117" locus="value" degree="0.7"/>
<respons target="#c117" locus="value" resp="#ETD"/>
The choice of which mechanism to use is left to the encoder. In transcriptions where only such statements of responsibility and certainty are made as can be accommodated within the resp and cert attributes of particular elements, it will be economical to use the resp and cert attributes of those elements. Where many statements of responsibility and certainty are made which cannot be so accommodated, it may be economical to use the respons and certainty elements throughout.

The above discussion supposes that in each case an encoder is able to specify exactly what it is that one wishes to state responsibility for and certainty about. Situations may arise when an encoder wishes to make a statement concerning certainty or responsibility but is unable or unwilling to specify so precisely the domain of the certainty or responsibility. In these cases, the note element may be used with the type attribute set to ‘cert’ or ‘resp’ and the content of the note giving a prose description of the state of affairs.

11.3.3 Damage and Conjecture

The carrier medium of a primary source may often sustain physical damage which makes parts of it hard or impossible to read. In this section we discuss elements which may be used to represent such situations and give recommendations about how these should be used in conjunction with the other related elements introduced previously in this chapter.

11.3.3.1 Damage, Illegibility, and Supplied Text
The gap and supplied elements described above (section 11.3.1.7 Text Omitted from or Supplied in the Transcription) should be used with appropriate attributes where the degree of damage or illegibility in a text is such that nothing can be read and the text must be either omitted or supplied conjecturally or from one or more other sources. In many cases, however, despite damage or illegibility, the text may yet be read with reasonable confidence. In these cases, the following elements should be used:
  • damage contains an area of damage to the text witness.
  • damageSpan/ (damaged span of text) marks the beginning of a longer sequence of text which is damaged in some way but still legible.
As members of the class att.damaged, these elements bear the following attributes :
  • att.damaged provides attributes describing the nature of any physical damage affecting a reading.
    handIn the case of damage (deliberate defacement, inking out, etc.) assignable to a distinct hand, signifies the hand responsible for the damage.
    agentcategorizes the cause of the damage, if it can be identified.
    degreeSignifies the degree of damage according to a convenient scale. The damage tag with the degree attribute should only be used where the text may be read with some confidence; text supplied from other sources should be tagged as supplied.
    groupassigns an arbitrary number to each stretch of damage regarded as forming part of the same physical phenomenon.
The class att.damaged is a subclass of the class att.dimensions, itself a subclass of the class att.ranging. Consequently these elements also therefore bear at least the following attributes :
  • att.dimensions provides attributes for describing the size of physical objects.
    extentindicates the size of the object concerned using a project-specific vocabulary combining quantity and units in a single string of words.
    unitnames the unit used for the measurement
    quantityspecifies the length in the units specified
  • att.ranging provides attributes for describing numerical ranges.
    minwhere the measurement summarizes more than one observation or a range, supplies the minimum value observed.
    maxwhere the measurement summarizes more than one observation or a range, supplies the maximum value observed.
    atLeastgives a minimum estimated value for the approximate measurement.
    atMostgives a maximum estimated value for the approximate measurement.
From the att.spanning class, damageSpan inherits the following additional attribute :
  • att.spanning provides attributes for elements which delimit a span of text by pointing mechanisms rather than by enclosing it.
    spanToindicates the end of a span initiated by the element bearing this attribute.

The following examples all refer to the recto of folio 5 of the unique manuscript of the Elder Edda. Here, the manuscript of Vóluspá has been damaged through irregular rubbing so that letters in various places are obscured and in some cases cannot be read at all.

In the first line of this leaf, the transcriber may believe that the last three letters of daga can be read clearly despite the damage:
um
aldr d<damage>aga</damage> yndisniota
If, as is often the case, the damage crosses structural divisions, so that the damage element cannot be nested properly within the containing div elements, the damageSpan element may be used, in the same way as the delSpan and addSpan elements discussed in section 11.3.1.4 Additions and Deletions.
<p>
<!-- ... -->
 <pb n="5r"/>
 <damageSpan agent="rubbing" extent="whole leaf" spanTo="#damageEnd"/>
</p>
<p> .... </p>
<p> .... <pb n="5v" xml:id="damageEnd"/>
</p>
Note that in this example the spanTo element points to the next pb element rather than to an inserted anchor element, since it is the whole of the leaf (the text between the two pb elements) which has sustained damage. For other techniques of handling non-nesting information, see chapter 20 Non-hierarchical Structures.
If, as is also likely, the damage affects several disjoint parts of the text, each such part must be marked with a separate damage or damageSpan element. To indicate that each of these is to be regarded as forming part of the same damaged area, the group attribute may be used as in the following example. In this (imaginary) text of Fitzgerald's translation from Omar Khayam, water damage has affected an area covering parts of several lines :
<l> The Moving Finger wri<damage agent="water" group="1">es; and</damage> having writ,</l>
<l>Moves <damage agent="water" group="1">on: nor all your</damage> Piety nor
Wit</l>
<l>
 <damageSpan agent="water" group="1" spanTo="#washOut"/>Shall lure it back to
cancel half a Line,
</l>
<l>Nor all your Tears wash <anchor xml:id="washOut"/> out a Word of it</l>

A more general solution to this problem is provided by the join element discussed in 16.7 Aggregation which may be used to link together arbitrary elements of any kind in the transcription. Here, several phenomena of illegibility and conjecture all result from a single cause: an area of damage to the text caused by rubbing at various points. The damage is not continuous, and affects the text at irregular points. In cases such as this, the join element may be used to indicate which tagged features are part of the same physical phenomenon.

If the damage has been so severe as to render parts of the text only imperfectly legible, the unclear element should be used to mark the fact. Returning to the Eddic example above, an encoder less confident in the daga reading might indicate this as follows :
um aldr d<unclear reason="damage">aga</unclear> yndisniota
If it is desired to supply more information about the kind of damage, it is also possible to nest an unclear element within the damage element:
um aldr d<damage agent="rubbing">
 <unclear>aga</unclear>
</damage> yndisniota
Alternatively, the transcriber may not feel able to read the last three letters of daga but may wish to supply them by conjecture. Note the use of the resp attribute to assign the conjecture to Finnur Jónsson:
um aldr d<supplied reason="rubbing" resp="#finjon">aga</supplied> yndisniota
The supplied element may if desired be enclosed within a damage element:
um aldr d<damage agent="rubbing">
 <supplied source="#msm">aga</supplied>
</damage> yndisniota
Contrast the use of gap in the next line, where the transcriber believes that four letters cannot be read at all because of the damage:
þar komr inn dimmi
dreki fliugandi naþr frann neþan <gap
  reason="illegible"
  agent="rubbing"
  quantity="4"
  unit="letter"/>
As with supplied, this gap might be enclosed by a damage element.
Where elements are nested in this way, information about agency, etc. is by default inherited. In the following imaginary example, there is a smoke-damaged part within which two stretches can be read with some difficulty, and a third stretch which cannot be read at all:
<damage agent="smoke">
 <unclear>and the proof of this is</unclear>
 <gap/>
 <unclear>margin</unclear>
</damage>
The above examples record imperfect legibility due to damage. When imperfect legibility is due to some other reason (typically because the handwriting is ill-formed), the unclear element should be used without any enclosing damage element. In Robert Southey's autograph of The Life of Cowper the final six letters of attention are difficult to read because of the haste of the writing, though reasonably certain from the context.
and
from time to time invited in like manner his att<unclear>ention</unclear>
The cert attribute on the unclear element may be used to indicate the level of editorial confidence in the reading contained within it.
11.3.3.2 Use of the <gap>, <del>, <damage>, <unclear>, and <supplied> Elements in Combination
The gap, damage, unclear, supplied, and del elements may be closely allied in their use. For example, an area of damage in a primary source might be encoded with any one of the first four of these elements, depending on how far the damage has affected the readability of the text. Further, certain of the elements may nest within one another. The examples given in the last sections illustrate something of how these elements are to be distinguished in use. This may be formulated as follows:
  • where the text has been rendered completely illegible by deletion or damage and no text is supplied by the editor in place of what is lost: place an empty gap element at the point of deletion or damage. Use the reason attribute to state the cause (damage, deletion, etc.) of the loss of text.
  • where the text has been rendered completely illegible by deletion or damage and text is supplied by the editor in place of what is lost: surround the text supplied at the point of deletion or damage with the supplied element. Use the reason attribute to state the cause (damage, deletion, etc.) of the loss of text leading to the need to supply the text.
  • where the text has been rendered partly illegible by deletion or damage so that the text can be read but without perfect confidence: transcribe the text and surround it with the unclear element. Use the reason attribute to state the cause (damage, deletion, etc.) of the uncertainty in transcription and the cert attribute to indicate the confidence in the transcription.
  • where there is deletion or damage but at least some of the text can be read with perfect confidence: transcribe the text and surround it with the del element (for deletion) or the damage element (for damage). Use appropriate attribute values to indicate the cause and type of deletion or damage. Observe that the degree attribute on the damage element permits the encoding to show that a letter, word, or phrase is not perfectly preserved, though it may be read with confidence.
  • where there is an area of deletion or damage and parts of the text within that area can be read with perfect confidence, other parts with less confidence, other parts not at all: in transcription, surround the whole area with the del element (for deletion; or the delSpan element where it crosses a structural boundary); or the damage element (for damage). Text within the damaged area which can be read with perfect confidence needs no further tagging. Text within the damaged area which cannot be read with perfect confidence may be surrounded with the unclear element. Places within the damaged area where the text has been rendered completely illegible and no text is supplied by the editor may be marked with the gap element. For each element, one may use appropriate attribute values to indicate the cause and type of deletion or damage and the certainty of the reading.
The rules for combinations of the add and del elements, and for the interpretation of such combinations, are similar:
  • if one add element (with identifier ADD1) contains another (with identifier ADD2), then the addition ADD1 was first made to the text, and later a second addition (ADD2) was made within that added text:
    This is the text <add xml:id="ADD1">with some added <add xml:id="ADD2">(interlinear!)</add> material</add>
    as written.
  • if one del element contains another, and the seq attribute does not indicate otherwise, it should be assumed that the inner deletion was made before the enclosing one. In the following example, the word redundant was deleted before a second deletion removed the entire passage:
    <del>This sentence contains some <del>redundant</del> unnecessary
    verbiage.</del>
  • if a del element contains an add element, the normal interpretation will be that an addition was made within a passage which was later deleted in its entirety:
    <del>This sentence was deleted <add>originally</add> from the
    text.</del>
  • if an add element contains a del element, the normal interpretation will be that a deletion was made from a passage which had earlier been added:
    <add>This
    sentence was added <del>eventually</del> to the
    text.</add>

11.3.4 Marking up the Writing Process

Modifications of various kinds (correction, addition, deletion, etc.) are frequently found within a single document, and may also be inferred when different documents are compared, although it may be an open question as to whether inter-document discrepancies should be regarded in the same way as intra-document alterations. When two witnesses are collated, we may observe that a word present in one is missing from the other: this does not necessarily imply that the word was added to the first witness, nor that it was deleted from the other.

In this section we discuss a number of elements which may be useful when attempting to record traces of the writing process within a document.

11.3.4.1 Generic Modification
Most, if not all, transcriptional elements imply a certain level of semantic interpretation. For instance, using the add element to encode a word or phrase that occupies interlinear space involves a decision that it has been deliberately inserted as an addition rather than an alternative, and indeed a judgment that it was written after, rather than before, the other lines. Where it is felt desirable to keep the recording of ‘what is on the page’ entirely separate from ‘what is the editor’s interpretation’, the generic mod element may be preferred.
  • mod represents any kind of modification identified within a single document.
This element simply indicates any kind of modification that has been identified in the document, without prejudice as to its function. Occurrences of the mod element may be categorized by means of their type attribute, and visual aspects of their appearance can be described by means of the rend attribute, but they provide no further interpretation of the function or intention of the passage so marked up. The spanTo attribute may be used to indicate the end of a modified passage if this extends across the boundaries of some other XML element, for example from the middle of one line tagged as a line to the middle of another line some distance further on in the document.
<line>words words words <mod rend="wavy-underlining" spanTo="#enduw"/>words with wavy
underline</line> <!-- more lines here -->
<line>wavy underlining finishes
here<anchor xml:id="enduw"/> more words</line>

The distinction between an example such as that above and the simple use of hi to mark the visual salience of the underlining (apart from the use of the spanTo attribute) is that hi does not imply that the visual effect being recorded is understood to represent some kind of modification.

11.3.4.2 Metamarks
By metamark we mean marks such as numbers, arrows, crosses, or other symbols introduced by the writer into a document expressly for the purpose of indicating how the text is to be read. Such marks thus constitute a kind of markup of the document, rather than forming part of the text.
  • metamark contains or describes any kind of graphic or written signal within a document the function of which is to determine how it should be read rather than forming part of the actual content of the document.
    functiondescribes the function (for example status, insertion, deletion, transposition) of the mark.
    targetidentifies one or more elements to which the function indicated by the metamark applies.

Unlike marginal notes or other additions to the text, metamarks are used by the writer to indicate a deliberate alteration of the writing itself, such as ‘move this passage over there’. An addition or annotation by contrast would typically concern some property of the passage other than its intended location or status within the text flow. A metamark may contain text, or some other graphic which the encoder wishes to represent, or it may simply consist of arrows, dots, lines etc. which the encoder simply describes.

The metamark element carries a function attribute which specifies the function of the metamark, using values such as reorder, flag, delete, insert or used. The passage to which the metamark applies may be indicated in either of two ways: the target attribute may be used to point to the element or elements containing the passage concerned, or the spanTo element may be used to point to a position in the document at which the passage concerned finishes. In the latter case, the metamark itself must be supplied at the position in the document where the passage concerned begins; in the former case it may be supplied at any convenient point. Both attributes should not be supplied.

The following example is taken from an 15th century legal book from the city of Göttingen, containing regulations of everyday life issued by the city council
, fol 1v. Abbildung 11.7. Kundige bok 2, fol 1v.
In the second paragraph, the word lege ("read") was written in the left hand margin, next to the sentence beginning ‘Ock en schullen de bruwere...’. It is thought to function as a metamark, indicating that this sentence forms part of the regulations. A further sentence was then added, while at some later stage the text and also the metamark were deleted. We might encode this as follows:
<delSpan spanTo="#endDel" change="#L3"/>
<metamark function="flag" target="#zone-1" change="#L2">lege</metamark>
<zone xml:id="zone-1" change="#L1">Ock en schullen de bruwere des hilgen dages
nicht over setten noch uppe den stillen fridach bruwen.</zone>
<addSpan spanTo="#endDel" change="#L2"/>
<zone>Noch nymande over setten, se en sehin denne erst, dat uppe den bonen neyn
stro noch, huw noch flaß ligghe, by pine eyner halven roden, deme bruwere so
wol alse dem bruwheren to murende.</zone>
<anchor xml:id="endDel"/>

The change attribute used here to indicate the sequencing of these various interventions is discussed below, in section 11.7 Changes. The elements addSpan and delSpan are discussed in section 11.3.1.4 Additions and Deletions.

The metamark element may also be used to encode the symbols etc. often found in marked-up proofs such as the following, taken from the Walt Whitman archive:
From a corrected proof of (Walt Whitman Archive)Abbildung 11.8. From a corrected proof of Miracles (Walt Whitman Archive)

In this example, the whole of what was originally the 14th section of the poem has been marked for deletion, both by horizontal and vertical lines, and by the metamarks resembling the ‘delta’ deletion symbol to left and right of the section. The deletion itself might be encoded by using the normal del or delSpan element, and the metamarks by the metamark element. This is quite a different case from that of the next example, in which the writer does not intend to suppress the content, but only to mark that it has been copied to another manuscript or reused.

From "I am that halfgrown angry boy" (MS q 25), David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. Abbildung 11.9. From "I am that halfgrown angry boy" (MS q 25), David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

This page contains internal deletions, additions, and retracings but these are semantically quite different from the apparent ‘deletion’ signalled by the larger of the two single vertical lines, which shows that the written material has been transferred or re-used, not deleted.

<surface>
 <metamark function="used" rend="line" target="#X2"/>
 <zone xml:id="X2">
  <line>I am that halfgrown <add>angry</add> boy, fallen asleep</line>
  <line>The tears of foolish passion yet undried</line>
  <line>upon my cheeks.</line>
<!-- ... -->
  <line>I pass through <add>the</add> travels and <del>fortunes</del> of
  <retrace>thirty</retrace>
  </line>
  <line>years and become old,</line>
  <line>Each in its due order comes and goes,</line>
  <line>And thus a message for me comes.</line>
  <line>The</line>
 </zone>
 <metamark function="used" target="#X2">Entered - Yes</metamark>
</surface>

In this example, we class as metamarks both the long vertical line and the annotation ‘Entered - yes’. Both metamarks are assumed to indicate that the whole of the written zone with identifier X2 is marked as having been used.

11.3.4.3 Fixation and Clarification
A writer may sometimes rewrite material a second time without significant change and in the same place. We consider this a distinct activity from addition as usually defined because no new textual material results; instead the status of existing material is reaffirmed. We may distinguish two variants of this: fixation where the first version was a tentative draft which is subsequently reaffirmed, for example by inking it over; and clarification, where the first version was badly written and has been rewritten for clarity. The element retrace is provided for both cases; its cause attribute may be used to distinguish these or other cases.
  • retrace contains a sequence of writing which has been retraced, for example by over-inking, to clarify or fix it.
In this simple example, taken from the papers of Henrik Ibsen, the writer wrote the word skuldren hastily, and then returned to it to make the letter l larger and clearer:
From autograph ms of , Collin 2869, 4°, I.1.1, the Royal Library of CopenhagenAbbildung 11.10. From autograph ms of Peer Gynt, Collin 2869, 4°, I.1.1, the Royal Library of Copenhagen
We might transcribe this word as follows:
<line>... Sku<retrace cause="unclear">l</retrace>dren </line>
A single rewrite may not be sufficient, and it may be that the document becomes almost unreadable as a result of repeated clarification. In the following example, we can distinguish at least three attempts to write the letters er in the word bægerklang:
Detail from autograph ms in The Royal Library, Denmark (KBK Collin 262) Abbildung 11.11. Detail from autograph ms Brand in The Royal Library, Denmark (KBK Collin 262)
We might encode this by nesting the retrace element as follows:
<line>ved Bæg<retrace cause="unclear" change="#stage2">
  <retrace cause="unclear" change="#stage1">er</retrace>
 </retrace> ...</line>
The change attribute used here is discussed further below (11.7 Changes).

The retrace element is used only for cases where text has been written multiple times. When metamarks and other markup-like strokes have been rewritten multiple times, the redo element described in the next section should be used in preference.

11.3.4.4 Confirmation, Cancellation, and Reinstatement of Modifications

A writer may indicate that an alteration is itself to be altered: for example, a struck-through passage may be restored via a dotted underlining, or the underlining of a passage may be deleted by a wavy line.

The following elements are provided to represent these situations:
  • redo/ indicates one or more cancelled interventions in a document which have subsequently been marked as reaffirmed or repeated.
    targetpoints to one or more elements representing the interventions which are being reasserted.
  • undo/ indicates one or more marked-up interventions in a document which have subsequently been marked for cancellation.
    targetpoints to one or more elements representing the interventions which are to be reverted or undone.

The element restore (11.3.1.6 Cancellation of Deletions and Other Markings) is provided for the comparatively simple case where a simple deletion is marked as having been subsequently cancelled. The undo element discussed here is more widely applicable and may be used for any kind of cancellation. It points to the element or elements which are being cancelled. These components need not be contiguous, provided that the cancellation is clearly a single act; each distinct act of cancellation requires a distinct undo element, however. Either of the attributes target or spanTo may be used to indicate the passages concerned.

Consider the following imaginary example :
Imaginary example demonstrating restoring and undoingAbbildung 11.12. Imaginary example demonstrating restoring and undoing
We hypothesize that the text has gone through three states or changes, as follows:
  1. This is just some sample text, we need a real example.
  2. This is not a real example.
  3. This is just some text, not a real example.
This sequence of events might be encoded as follows:
<line>This is <del change="#s2" rend="overstrike">
  <undo spanTo="#Xa" rend="dotted" change="#s3"/>just some <anchor xml:id="Xa"/> sample <undo spanTo="#Xb" rend="dotted" change="#s3"/>text, <anchor xml:id="Xb"/> we need</del>
 <add change="#s2">not</add> a real example.</line>
using two undo elements, each with a spanTo attribute, to delimit the two parts of the deletion which were reverted at change s3. Note that in this case, since target is not supplied, it is the effect of the parent element (the del) which is assumed to be undone.
Alternatively, we might more economically use the generic seg element within the line to delimit the two sequences whose deletion is being reverted, and then use the target attribute on a single undo element:
<line>This is <del change="#s2" rend="overstrike">
  <seg xml:id="X-a">just some</seg> sample <seg xml:id="X-b">text</seg>, we
   need</del>
 <add change="#s2">not</add> a real example.</line>
<undo target="#X-a #X-b" rend="dotted" change="#s3"/>
11.3.4.5 Transpositions
A transposition occurs when metamarks are found in a document indicating that passages should be moved to a different position. Typically this may be done using arrows, asterisks or numbers, or other means. By definition the result of a transposition is not present in the document, and should not therefore be encoded, if the intention is to represent the actual appearance of the document. Instead, the following elements may be used to indicate the intended reordering:
  • listTranspose supplies a list of transpositions, each of which is indicated at some point in a document typically by means of metamarks.
  • transpose describes a single textual transposition as an ordered list of at least two pointers specifying the order in which the elements indicated should be re-combined.
Consider for example, the following extract from an Ibsen manuscript
Extract from autograph (Poems) NBO Ms. 4º 1110aAbbildung 11.13. Extract from autograph Digte (Poems) NBO Ms. 4º 1110a
The underlined numbers 1 and 2 here indicate that, although the word bör precedes the word hör in the text, the order of the two words should be reversed. We may encode this as follows:
<line>
 <seg xml:id="ib01">bör</seg>
 <metamark
   rend="underline"
   function="transposition"
   target="#ib01"
   place="above">2.</metamark> og <seg xml:id="ib02">hör</seg>
 <metamark
   rend="underline"
   function="transposition"
   target="#ib02"
   place="above">1.</metamark>
</line>
<listTranspose>
 <transpose>
  <ptr target="#ib02"/>
  <ptr target="#ib01"/>
 </transpose>
</listTranspose>
Note the use of the generic seg element to identify the sections of text being transposed. When (as in the following example) the whole of a line is to be transposed, there is no need to delimit the sections concerned:
Detail from autograph ms of (KBK Collin 2869)Abbildung 11.14. Detail from autograph ms of Den episke Brand (KBK Collin 2869)
<line xml:id="ib3">
 <metamark function="transposition" place="margin-left">2.)</metamark> thi da er du med Himmelen i Pagt; —
</line>
<line xml:id="ib4">
 <metamark function="transposition" place="margin-left">1.)</metamark> da kan du
Folkets Jøkelhjerter tine;
</line>
<listTranspose>
 <transpose>
  <ptr target="#ib4"/>
  <ptr target="#ib3"/>
 </transpose>
</listTranspose>
When transposition is made, the whole element indicated is understood to be moved, not just its contents. In the above example, the metamarks are thus understood to be moved along with the lines to which they apply.

One or more listTranspose elements may be supplied either embedded within the text or in the profileDesc of the header, depending on local preference. Each listTranspose can contain one or more transpose elements, each of which defines a single transposition.

11.3.4.6 Alternative Readings
Detail from autograph manuscript of the second version of , Pierpont Morgan MA 310Abbildung 11.15. Detail from autograph manuscript of the second version of Lalla Rookh, Pierpont Morgan MA 310
In this example two alternative readings are provided, but no preference is indicated. While the author apparently first composed the line ‘Alone before his native river -’, at some later point, he entertained the possibility of using the word beside instead of before. The manuscript supplies no indication of which word Moore favours at this point, although in fact, in the first printed edition of Lalla Rookh the word beside was chosen.
The element alt provided by the linking module gives a simple way of encoding the state of this manuscript, as follows:
<zone>
 <line>Alone <seg xml:id="alt1">before</seg>
  <add place="above" xml:id="alt2">beside</add> his native river ­—</line>
 <alt target="#alt1 #alt2" mode="excl" weights="0 1"/>
</zone>

The mode attribute here indicates that the two possible readings indicated by the target attribute are mutually exclusive. The weights attribute indicates the relative importance or preference to be attached to the two readings on a scale running from zero (most improbable) to one (most probable). In this case, we have a very strong preference for the second reading because this is the one that appears in the published version of the poem. The alt element is further discussed in section 16.8 Alternation.

11.3.4.7 Instant Corrections

The use of elements such as del and add necessarily implies that the modifications they indicate were made at some time after the original writing. An exception to this is where a false start or ‘instant’ correction has been identified: the author starts to write, and then immediately corrects what has been written.

The instant attribute defined by this module may be used on any element which is a member of the att.editLike class to modify this default assumption. When the value of instant is set to true, the addition or deletion is considered to belong to the same change as its parent element, while false means some change later than that of its parent.

An example of false start or instant correction can be seen in the following line:
Detail fron , one of the drafts for Whitman's Abbildung 11.16. Detail fron [I am a curse], one of the drafts for Whitman's Song of Myself
in which we can detect the following sequence of events:
  1. The letter T is written and then immediately deleted
  2. The word The is written, deleted, and replaced by the word His
  3. The added word His is then deleted
  4. The initial letter i of the words iron necklace is overwritten with a capital I
To indicate that the first of these acts must have taken place during the main act of writing, before the other deletion and additions, we might encode this revision campaign as follows:
<line>
 <del instant="true">T</del>
 <mod type="subst">
  <del>The</del>
  <add place="above">
   <del rend="overstrike">His</del>
  </add>
 </mod>
 <mod type="subst">
  <del rend="overwritten">i</del>
  <add place="superimposed">I</add>
 </mod>ron necklace
</line>

11.4 Advanced uses of Surface and Zone

The function of the surface element is both to identify a specific area containing writing and to provide a two dimensional set of coordinates which can be used to position and provide dimensions for sub-parts of it. Furthermore, surfaces may nest within other surfaces, as in the case of ‘patches’ or other written materials attached to the main writing surface. In the general case, the position and dimensions of such nested surfaces will be defined using the same coordinate system as that supplied by the parent surface element. It is also possible, however, that a different coordinate system is required for such a nested surface, perhaps because it requires a more complex granularity. We consider both possibilities.

In the earlier examples showing nested examples we did not provide any coordinate information, for simplicity of presentation. Suppose however, that we wish to indicate the position and sizes of the newspaper scraps in Abbildung 11.3, Single leaf of notes possibly related to the poem eventually titled Sleepers. From the Walt Whitman Archive (Duke 258). above, relative to the whole page. As previously noted, the four attributes ulx, uly, lrx and lry when given on the surface element define the coordinate scheme, rather than specifying the location of that surface. We must therefore introduce an additional zone element, as in the following revised encoding for this example
<surface
  ulx="0"
  uly="0"
  lrx="50"
  lry="50">
 <zone
   ulx="1"
   uly="1"
   lrx="10"
   lry="10">
  <line>Poem</line>
  <line>As in Visions of — at</line>
  <line>night —</line>
  <line>All sorts of fancies running through</line>
  <line>the head</line>
 </zone>
 <zone
   ulx="4"
   uly="4"
   lrx="20"
   lry="20">
  <surface type="newsprint" attachment="glue" flipping="false">
   <zone>Spring has just set in here, and the weather.... a steamer </zone>
   <metamark function="sequence">2</metamark>
  </surface>
 </zone>
</surface>
In this version of the encoding, the inner surface, corresponding with the first piece of newsprint, inherits locational information from the zone element that contains it. This zone, and the preceding one, which contains a sequence of line elements, are both positioned in terms of the coordinates specified on the outermost surface element, which defines a scale running from 0 to 50 in either direction. On that scale, the line elements occupy a rectangle with coordinates (1,1,10,10), while the nested surface occupies a rectangle with coordinates (4,4,20,20).
Now suppose that we wish to define a finer scale grid for the newspaper patch, perhaps because we wish to localize zones within it with greater accuracy. To do this we will need to specify the position of the nested surface as in the previous example, but also to define the new coordinate system. We accomplish this as follows:
<surface
  ulx="0"
  uly="0"
  lrx="50"
  lry="50">
 <zone
   ulx="1"
   uly="1"
   lrx="10"
   lry="10">
  <line>Poem</line>
<!-- ... -->
  <line>the head</line>
 </zone>
 <zone
   ulx="4"
   uly="4"
   lrx="20"
   lry="20">
  <surface
    ulx="0"
    uly="0"
    lrx="100"
    lry="100">
   <zone
     ulx="10"
     uly="10"
     lrx="90"
     lry="95"> Spring has just set in here, and the
       weather .... a steamer </zone>
  </surface>
 </zone>
</surface>
As before, the second zone defines the position and size of the newspaper patch itself in terms of a coordinate system running from 0 to 50 on both X and Y axes. The nested surface element however defines a new scale for all of its components, running from 0 to 100 on both X and Y axes. The position of the nested zone containing the text Spring ... steamer is now given in terms of this scale.

All of the examples so far given have involved rectangular zones, for clarity of exposition. As noted above, the points attribute may be used to define non-rectangular zones as a series of points. For example, in the last of the Whitman examples discussed in section 11.3.4.2 Metamarks above, we might wish to record the exact shape of the zone containing the metamark Entered. Since this is not a rectangular zone, we use the points attribute to indicate the points defining a polygon which contains it. The values used are expressed in terms of a coordinate space running from 0 to 229 in the X dimension, and 0 to 160 in the Y dimension.

<surface
  ulx="0"
  uly="0"
  lrx="229"
  lry="160">
 <graphic url="whitman-02.jpg"/>
 <zone
   xml:id="entered"
   points="142,122 155,113 178,122 208,144 198,154 178,139"/>
</surface>
In exactly the same way, we may wish to identify the curved zone in the following image containing the word Northamptonshire:
Gravestone of Private MouldsAbbildung 11.17. Gravestone of Private Moulds
This curved zone might be encoded in the following way:
<surface
  xml:id="badge"
  ulx="14.54"
  uly="16.14"
  lrx="0"
  lry="0">
 <graphic url="stone.jpg"/>
 <zone
   xml:id="county"
   points="4.6,6.3 5.25,5.85 6.2,6.6 8.2,7.4 9.9,6.6 10.9,6.1 11.4,6.7 8.2,8.3 6.2,7.6"/>
</surface>
Finally, it should be noted that a zone does not need to be entirely contained within the two-dimensional space defined by its parent surface. For example, we might wish to encode the example in Abbildung 11.1, Badische Landesbibliothek, Manuscript Durlach 1, Fols. 95v-96r above not as a surface representing the whole of the two page spread, but as a surface representing only the written part of this opening. The written part appears 50 units from the left of the image and 20 units from the top, while the bottom right corner of the written part appears 400 units from the left of the image, and 280 units from the top. We therefore define the written surface within this image as follows:
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="50"
   uly="20"
   lrx="400"
   lry="280">
<!-- ... -->
 </surface>
</facsimile>
To describe the whole image, we will now need to define a zone of interest which represents an area larger than this surface. Using the same coordinate system as that defined for the surface, its coordinates are 0,0,500,321. This zone of interest can be defined by a zone element, within which we can place the uncropped graphic:
<facsimile>
 <surface
   ulx="50"
   uly="20"
   lrx="400"
   lry="280">
  <zone
    ulx="0"
    uly="0"
    lrx="500"
    lry="321">
   <graphic
     url="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Handschrift.karlsruhe.blb.jpg"/>
  </zone>
 </surface>
</facsimile>

11.5 Aspects of Layout

The following methods are available to capture general aspects of the layout of material on a page where this is considered important. Within the sourceDoc element, as already indicated, the element surface and surfaceGrp enable the encoder to represent directly the structure of a codex as gatherings or quires, leaves, and surfaces, as in the following example:
<sourceDoc>
 <surfaceGrp type="quire" n="1">
  <surfaceGrp type="leaf" n="1">
   <surface type="recto" n="1r">
<!-- ... -->
   </surface>
   <surface type="verso" n="1v">
<!-- ... -->
   </surface>
  </surfaceGrp>
  <surfaceGrp type="leaf" n="2">
   <surface type="recto" n="2r">
<!-- ... -->
   </surface>
   <surface type="verso" n="2v">
<!-- ... -->
   </surface>
  </surfaceGrp>
<!-- other leaves in first quire -->
 </surfaceGrp>
<!-- other quires here -->
</sourceDoc>
In some cases, it may be preferable to define surfaces corresponding with each two page opening, for example where it is clear that the writer regarded each such opening as a single writing surface, with written zones or other features crossing the page divide. An example is shown here:
Opening from autograph ms of Proust's (f 42v-43r)Abbildung 11.18. Opening from autograph ms of Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu (f 42v-43r)

The coloured lines added to this image indicate a number of zones of writing, colour coded to indicate the order in which they were written (purple, then green, then red). For example, the zone marked in red on the left contains a note referring to the purple zone on the right.

This approach assumes that the transcription will primarily be organized in the same way as the physical layout of the source, using embedded transcription elements. Alternatively, where the a non-embedded transcription has been provided, using the text element, it is still possible to record gathering breaks, page breaks, column breaks, line breaks etc in the source, using the elements described in section 3.10 Reference Systems. Detailed metadata about the physical make-up of a source will usually be summarized by the physDesc component of a msDesc element discussed in 10.7 Physical Description.

11.5.1 Space

The author or scribe may have left space for a word, or for an initial capital, and for some reason the word or capital was never supplied and the space left empty. The presence of significant space in the text being transcribed may be indicated by the space element.
  • space indicates the location of a significant space in the copy text.
    resp (responsible party) indicates the individual responsible for identifying and measuring the space.
Note that this element should not be used to mark normal inter-word space or the like.
In line 694 of Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue in the Holkham manuscript the scribe has left a space for a word where other manuscripts read preestes:
By
god if wommen had writen storyes As <space quantity="7" unit="char"/> han within her
oratoryes
The supplied element discussed in the previous section may be used to supply the text presumed missing:
By god if wommen had writen storyes As
<supplied reason="space" resp="#ETD" source="#Hg">preestes</supplied> han within
her oratoryes
Here, the fact of the space within the manuscript is indicated by the value of the reason attribute. The source of the supplied text is shown by the value of the source attribute as the Hengwrt manuscript; the transcriber responsible for supplying the text is ES.

11.5.2 Lines

One of the more common forms of modification encountered in written documents of any kind is the presence of lines written under, beside, or through the text. Such lines may be of various types: they may be solid, dashed or dotted, doubled or tripled, wavy or straight, or a combination of these and other renderings. The line may be used for emphasis, or to mark a foreign or technical term, or to signal a quotation or a title, etc.: the elements emph, foreign, term, mentioned, or title may be used for these. Where the line has a clear paratextual function the metamark element may be considered more appropriate. Frequently, a scholar may judge that a line is used to delete text: the del element is available to indicate this. In all these cases, the rend attribute may be used to supply further details concerning the style of the line. Thus, Lawrence's deletion by strike-through of my in the autograph of Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani may be encoded :
For I hate this <del rend="strikethrough" hand="#dhl">my</del> body, which is so
dear to me
There will be instances, however, where a scholar wishes only to register the occurrence of lines in the text, without making any judgement as to what the lines signify. In these cases the hi element may be used, with the rend attribute to mark the style of line. In the manuscript of a letter by Robert Browning to George Moulton-Barrett the underlining of the phrase had obtained all the letters to Mr Boyd may be marked-up as follows:
I have once — by
declaring I would prosecute by law — hindered a man's proceedings who <hi rend="underline">had obtained all the letters to Mr Boyd</hi>
The above examples presume the common case where a single word or phrase is marked by a line, with no doubt as to where the marking begins or ends and with no overlapping of the area of text with other marked areas of text. Where there is doubt, the certainty element may be used to record the doubt. In the Browning example cited above the underlining actually begins half-way under who, and this uncertainty could be remarked as follows:
I have once — by declaring I would prosecute
by law — hindered a man's proceedings who <hi xml:id="cstart1" rend="underline">had
obtained all the letters to Mr Boyd</hi>
<!-- ... -->
<certainty target="#cstart1" locus="start" degree="0.70">
 <desc>may begin with previous word</desc>
</certainty>

Where the area of text marked overlaps other areas of text, for example crossing a structural division, one of the spanning mechanisms mentioned above must be used; for example where the line is thought to mark a deletion, the delSpan element may be used. Where it is desired simply to record the marking of a span of text in circumstances where it is not possible to surround the text with a hi element, the span element may be used with the rend or type attribute indicating the style of line-marking.

More work needs to be done on clarifying the treatment of other textual features marked by lines which might so overlap or nest. For example, in many Middle English manuscripts (e.g. the Jesus and Digby verse collections), marginal sidebars may indicate metrical structure: couplets may be linked in pairs, with the pairs themselves linked into stanzas. Or, marginal sidebars may indicate emphasis, or may point out a region of text on which there is some annotation: in many manuscripts of Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue lines 655–8 are marked with nesting parentheses against which the scribe has written nota.

Such features could be captured by use of the note element, containing a prose description of the manuscript at this point, enhanced by a link to a visual representation (or facsimile) of the feature in question. For example, in the Chaucer example just cited, one may wish to record that the nota is written in the Hengwrt manuscript in the right margin against a single large left parenthesis bracketing the four lines, with two right parentheses in the right margin bracketing two overlapping pairs of lines: the first and third, the second and fourth. The note element allows us to record that the scribe wrote nota, but is not well-adapted to show that the nota points both at all four lines and at two pairs of lines within the four lines. The metamark element discussed in section 11.3.4.2 Metamarks above provides better facilities for this kind of complex annotation.

11.6 Headers, Footers, and Similar Matter

Such information as page numbers, signatures, or catchwords may be recorded in a specialized fw element provided for that purpose. Although the name derives from the term forme work, used in description of early printed documents (the ‘forme’ being the block used to hold movable type), the fw element may be used for such features of any document, written or printed. Note that the purpose of this element is to record page numbers etc. actually present in the document being encoded, not necessarily to provide a complete or accurate pagination of it.

Information about pagination etc. may also be provided using the n attribute of the pb or gb elements, or by other appropriate milestone elements, as further discussed in section 3.10 Reference Systems: since this information is usually provided by the encoder, it is not subject to the constraint that it should be present only if textually present in the source being encoded. In text-critical situations it may be useful to provide both a normalized version of the pagination and a representation of the catch-word or numbering, especially when the latter presents a variant reading, or is significant for compositor identification.
  • fw (forme work) contains a running head (e.g. a header, footer), catchword, or similar material appearing on the current page.
The fw element may be used to encode any of the unchanging portions of a page forme, such as:
  • running heads (whether repeated or changing on every page, or alternating pages)
  • running footers
  • page numbers
  • catch-words
  • other material repeated from page to page, which falls outside the stream of the text
It should not be used for marginal glosses, annotations, or textual variants, which should be tagged using gloss, note, or the text-critical tags described in chapter 12 Critical Apparatus, respectively.
For example:
<fw type="head" place="top-centre">Poëms.</fw>
<fw type="pageNum" place="top-right">29</fw>
<fw type="sig" place="bot-centre">E3</fw>
<fw type="catch" place="bot-right">TEMPLE</fw>

11.7 Changes

A major purpose of genetic editing is the identification of ‘revision campaigns’ or, more generally, changes. An editor may wish to assign a set of alterations (deletions, additions, substitutions, transpositions, etc.) or any other act of writing to a particular change, to indicate both that one or more of such phenomena preceded or followed another and also to indicate that they are related in some way, for example that one is a consequence of the other. They might also wish to group together certain revisions, regardless of when they might have occurred, based on a variety of other shared characteristics (e.g., corrections of factual errors or revisions that incorporate suggestions made by a given reader). To document this we need:
  • a system to assign phenomena to a particular change
  • a way to characterize a change, in itself and in relation to other changes.
The element creation (within the TEI Header profile description) contains all information relating to the genesis or production of a text. It may contain a listChange element which contains a number of change elements, one for each identified change:
  • listChange groups a number of change descriptions associated with either the creation of a source text or the revision of an encoded text.
    orderedindicates whether the ordering of its child change elements is to be considered significant or not
  • change gibt eine bestimmte Veränderung oder Korrektur an einer bestimmten Version eines elektronischen Textes an, an der verschiedene Bearbeiter beteiligt sind.

In the following example an editor has identified four distinct changes:

<profileDesc>
 <creation>
  <listChange ordered="true">
   <change xml:id="ST-1">First stage, written in ink </change>
   <change xml:id="ST-2">Second stage, with revisions written in the author's hand using pencil</change>
   <change xml:id="ST-3">Fixation of the pencilled
       revisions together with further revisions in the
       author's hand using ink</change>
   <change xml:id="ST-4">Additions in a different hand, probably at
       a later stage</change>
  </listChange>
 </creation>
</profileDesc>

The listChange element carries an attribute ordered, which can take the values true or false (the default). The attribute specifies whether the order of child elements signifies a temporal order for the revision campaigns which they document. In the example above, the editor has asserted that the four stages distinguished are ordered chronologically according to the order of the change elements. If necessary, listChange elements can be nested hierarchically. This may be helpful in two cases. Firstly one can build up hypotheses about related revisions step-by-step, starting with stages of smaller coverage, whose members are certainly related, and then in a subsequent pass grouping these stages in turn, thereby extending their reach.

<profileDesc>
 <creation>
  <listChange>
   <change xml:id="o">An unrelated change note</change>
   <listChange xml:id="m">
    <change xml:id="m1">Alterations on one manuscript page, certainly
         related</change>
    <change xml:id="m2">Alterations on another manuscript page, certainly
         related</change>
   </listChange>
   <change xml:id="p">Another unrelated change note</change>
  </listChange>
 </creation>
</profileDesc>

A nested listChange elements is also useful to indicate a partial ordering of revision campaigns.

<listChange ordered="true">
 <change xml:id="ST1">The first stage</change>
 <listChange>
<!-- We have no information about the order of these changes, except that they both followed ST1 and prececeded STX -->
  <change xml:id="ST-rev1">A revision of the first stage</change>
  <change xml:id="ST-rev2">Another revision of the first stage</change>
 </listChange>
 <change xml:id="STX">The last stage</change>
</listChange>

In addition to the possibility of ordering text stages in relation to each other, change elements may carry a number of attributes from the att.datable class (period, when, notBefore, notAfter, from, and to) which allow each stage to be dated as exactly or inexactly as necessary, in the same way as is currently possible for the TEI date element.

<profileDesc>
 <creation>
  <date notAfter="1816-07-18"/>
  <listChange ordered="true">
   <change xml:id="mod1" when="1816-07-16">The first draft of
   <title>Persuasion</title>, completed by the date
   <date>July 16 1816</date> which is
       written after the word <q>Finis</q> at <ref target="#pers-30">page
         30</ref>.</change>
   <change xml:id="mod2" notBefore="1816-07-16">After the <date>16th of July</date>
       Austen starts revision of the two final chapters, by rewriting the end and
       adding a new zone (<ref target="#transp-1">pages 32-35</ref>) to be inserted at
   <ref target="#insertion-p1">page 19</ref>. This stage is documented by the
       deletion of the date (<date>July 16 1816</date>) at <ref target="#pers-30">page
         30</ref>, and the addition of more text and of a new date (<date>July 18.
         1816</date>) at <ref target="#pers-31">page 31</ref>
   </change>
   <change notBefore="1816-07-18">Before publication, after <date>July 18th,
         1816</date> chapters 10-11 were broken into three chapters, 10, 11, 12, as
       witnessed by the print.</change>
  </listChange>
 </creation>
</profileDesc>

Each change element, apart from declaring a distinct change in the creation of the document, may also contain references to other annotations contained within the teiHeader or in the document (as shown in the previous example). Such references, along with the textual content, are purely documentary and do not affect the textual stage associated with any element thus referred to. The association of a textual component with a change is always made explicitly, either by using the target attribute on the change element to point to one or more elements, or by pointing from the element or elements concerned to the change element by means of their change attribute. If a change element is associated with some element, it is also associated with all of that element's children, unless otherwise indicated, for example by a new value for the change attribute.

In the following simple example, the text at one stage read ‘This is a mouse’, and at the next ‘This is a house mouse’:
<line change="#firstStage">This is a
<add change="#secondStage">house</add>
mouse.</line>
In this example, however, the text originally read ‘This is a house’, and subsequently ‘This is a mouse’:
<line change="#firstStage">This is a <mod type="subst" change="#secondStage">
  <del>house</del>
  <add>mouse</add>
 </mod>.</line>
Note that in this case both the deletion and the addition are associated with the second stage. The word ‘house’, because it was deleted at the second stage, must have been present at the first stage, whereas the word ‘mouse’ must have been added during the second stage.

Elements such as add and del and the like carry an implied semantics concerning the order in which events in the writing of a document was carried out: something which is deleted must have been written before it was deleted; something which is added must have been added at a later stage of the writing. Even when a combination of such elements is used, the chronology can usually be inferred (see further 11.3.3.2 Use of the gap, del, damage, unclear, and supplied Elements in Combination). Explicit indication of the stage to which some modification belongs is mostly useful in situations where all the alterations identified in a document are to be grouped, for example chronologically.

The interpretation of change assignments for a particular text passage is based on a number of implicit assumptions and constraints which have the effect of minimizing the amount of tagging necessary. The system is also flexible enough to support an explicit distinction between acts of writing and textual alterations, since either of these can be associated with changes described in the encoding. The following example shows an encoding in which the same passage is transcribed twice, once from a documentary perspective, and once from a textual one :
<profileDesc>
 <creation>
  <listChange ordered="true">
   <change target="#zone_1 #subst_3">First stage, written in ink by a scribe</change>
   <change
     target="#zone_2 #mod_1 #line_1 #line_2 #subst_1 #subst_2 #subst_4 #delSpan_1">Revised by Goethe using pencil</change>
   <change
     target="#redo_1 #redo_2 #redo_3 #subst_1 #subst_2 #delSpan_1 #add_1">Fixation of the revised passages and further revisions by Goethe using
       ink</change>
  </listChange>
 </creation>
</profileDesc>
<sourceDoc>
 <surface>
  <zone xml:id="zone_1">
   <line xml:id="line_1">
    <handShift new="#g_bl"/>
    <retrace hand="#g_t" xml:id="redo_1">Nun</retrace>
   </line>
   <line>
    <handShift new="#jo_t"/>Ihr wanſtige Schuften mit den Feuerbacken</line>
   <line xml:id="line_2">
    <handShift new="#g_bl"/>
    <retrace hand="#g_t" xml:id="redo_2">feiſt</retrace>
   </line>
   <line>Ihr glüht ſo recht vom Höllen Schwefel ſatt.</line> [...] </zone>
 </surface>
</sourceDoc>
<text>
 <body>
  <l n="11656">
   <subst xml:id="subst_1">
    <del>Ihr</del>
    <add>Nun</add>
   </subst> wanſtige Schuften mit den Feuerbacken</l>
  <l n="11657">Ihr glüht ſo recht vom Höllen Schwefel <subst xml:id="subst_2">
    <del>ſatt</del>
    <add>feiſt</add>
   </subst>.</l>
 </body>
</text>

The documentary transcription stresses the writing process, while the textual transcription emphasizes textual alterations. In either case, the change of writing activity associated with a particular feature in the transcript is explicitly indicated. From the documentary perspective, by assigning particular modifications to a specific change, we describe the writing process, in that they specify which segment has been written when . From the textual perspective, the markup concentrates simply on the existence of textual alterations and makes no explicit claims about the order of writing.

11.8 Other Primary Source Features not Covered in these Guidelines

We repeat the advice given at the beginning of this chapter, that these recommendations are not intended to meet every transcriptional circumstance ever likely to be faced by any scholar. They are intended rather as a base to enable encoding of the most common phenomena found in the course of scholarly transcription of primary source materials. These guidelines particularly do not address the encoding of physical description of textual witnesses: the materials of the carrier, the medium of the inscribing implement, the organisation of the carrier materials themselves (as quiring, collation, etc.), authorial instructions or scribal markup, etc., except insofaras these are involved in the broader question of manuscript description, as addressed by the msdescription module described in chapter 10 Manuscript Description.

11.9 Module for Transcription of Primary Sources

The module described in this chapter makes available the following components:
Modul transcr: Transcription of primary sources
The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in 1.2 Defining a TEI Schema.
↑ TEI P5 Guidelines « 10 Manuscript Description » 12 Critical Apparatus
Noten
35
The coordinate space may be thought of as a grid superimposed on a rectangular space. Rectangular areas of the grid are defined as four numbers a b c d: the first two identify the grid point which is at the upper left corner of the rectangle; the second two give the grid point located at the lower right corner of the rectangle. The grid point a b is understood to be the point which is located a points from the origin along the x (horizontal) axis, and b points from the origin along the y (vertical) axis.
↵
36
The points attribute supplies a ‘points specification’ in the same form as that required by the <polyline> or <polygon> elements in the SVG standard. See http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/shapes.html#PointsBNF
↵
37
The coordinate space used here is based on pixels, but the mapping between pixels and units in the coordinate space need not be one-to-one; it might be convenient to define a more delicate grid, to enable us to address much smaller parts of the image. This can be done simply by supplying appropriate values for the attributes which define the coordinate space; for example doubling them all would map each pixel to two grid points in the coordinate space.
↵
38
The image is taken from the collection at http://ancilla.unice.fr/Illustr.html, and was digitized from a copy in the Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, by whose kind permission it is included here.
↵
39
The manuscript contains several other substitutions, ignored here for the sake of clarity.
↵

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TEI Guidelines Version 2.1.0. Last updated on 17th June 2012. This page generated on 2012-06-18T16:33:13Z